pod-

prefix used to form verbs: under-, sub-
1. denoting movement or direction into a lower position or underneath something: under
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎-behnúť (“to run”) → ‎podbehnúť (“to run under”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎ísť (“to go”) → ‎podísť (“to go under/approach from below”)
2. denoting an action performed from below, at the bottom, or underneath: under-, below
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎písať (“to write”) → ‎podpísať (“to sign (lit. to write at the bottom)”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎kopať (“to dig”) → ‎podkopať (“to undermine/dig under”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎-ložiť (“to lay/put”) → ‎podložiť (“to place under/support”)
3. in abstract contexts denoting the acquisition of influence over something, or conversely, yielding to influence: sub-, over
  ‎pod- + ‎dať (“to give”) → ‎poddať sa (“to surrender/yield”)
4. denoting a lower status, subordination, or a hidden, deceptive action: under-, sub-
  ‎pod- + ‎viesť (“to lead”) → ‎podviesť (“to deceive/cheat”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎strčiť (“to thrust/shove”) → ‎podstrčiť (“to plant/foist secretly”)
5. denoting a small degree or slight intensity of an action: slightly
  ‎pod- + ‎rásť (“to grow”) → ‎podrásť (“to grow a little”)
6. denoting the beginning or initiation of an action
  ‎pod- + ‎páliť (“to burn”) → ‎podpáliť (“to set on fire/arson”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎kúriť (“to heat/stoke”) → ‎podkúriť (“to stoke up/light a fire under”)
prefix used to form nouns and adjectives
1. denoting location underneath, near, or below the base object: under-, sub-, below
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎zem (“earth/ground”) + ‎-ie → ‎podzemie (“underground/subterranean space”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎hrad (“castle”) + ‎-ie → ‎podhradie (“settlement below a castle”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎koža (“skin”) + ‎-ný → ‎podkožný (“subcutaneous/under the skin”)
2. denoting a lower rank or a state of social/legal dependency: under-, sub-
  ‎pod- + ‎nájomník (“tenant”) → ‎podnájomník (“subtenant”)
prefix found in adverbs and time designations denoting a period immediately before a boundary: before
‎pod- + ‎večer (“evening”) → ‎podvečer (“late afternoon/early evening”)

‎pod- + ‎jeseň (“autumn”) → ‎podjeseň (“early autumn/just before autumn”)

Derived terms

Old Slovak terms prefixed with pod-

podísť

Descendants

Slovak: pod-

Polish

Alternative forms

pode-

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.

Proto-Slavic *-dъ

Proto-Slavic *podъ

Proto-Slavic *podъ-

Old Polish pod-

Polish pod-

Inherited from Old Polish pod-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɔd/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔd
Syllabification: pod-
Homophones: pod, pot

Prefix

pod-

added to nouns and adjectives, usually meaning under-, sub-
‎pod- + ‎broda → ‎podbródek
added to verbs to mean up to or up, approaching a state
‎pod- + ‎iść → ‎podejść

‎pod- + ‎ciąć → ‎podciąć
added to verbs to mean up, upward
‎pod- + ‎ciągnąć → ‎podciągnąć
added to verbs to mean under
‎pod- + ‎szyć → ‎podszyć

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with pod-

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

pot- (with assimilated final consonant)

Etymology

Related to pȍd (“below, under”), from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

Prefix

pod- (Cyrillic spelling под-)

under- and sub- (a prefix inherited from Common Slavic).
Antonym: nad-

Usage notes

The prefix pod- becomes pot- due to assimilation when it is added to words that start with voiceless consonants.

Derived terms

Slovak

Alternative forms

podo-

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.

Proto-Slavic *-dъ

Proto-Slavic *podъ

Proto-Slavic *podъ-

Old Slovak pod-

Slovak pod-

Inherited from Old Slovak pod-. First attested in the 15th century.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɔd/, [pɔd]

Prefix

pod-

prefix used to form verbs: under-, sub-
1. denoting movement or direction into a lower position or underneath something: under
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎-behnúť (“to run”) → ‎podbehnúť (“to run under”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎ísť (“to go”) → ‎podísť (“to go under/approach from below”)
2. denoting an action performed from below, at the bottom, or underneath: under-, below
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎písať (“to write”) → ‎podpísať (“to sign (lit. to write at the bottom)”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎kopať (“to dig”) → ‎podkopať (“to undermine/dig under”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎-ložiť (“to lay/put”) → ‎podložiť (“to place under/support”)
3. in abstract contexts denoting the acquisition of influence over something, or conversely, yielding to influence: sub-, over
  ‎pod- + ‎platiť (“to pay”) → ‎podplatiť (“to bribe”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎dať (“to give”) → ‎poddať sa (“to surrender/yield”)
4. denoting a lower estimation or valuation of something: under-
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎ceniť (“to value”) → ‎podceniť (“to underestimate/undervalue”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎hodnotiť (“to evaluate”) → ‎podhodnotiť (“to underrate”)
5. denoting a small degree or slight intensity of an action: slightly
  ‎pod- + ‎rásť (“to grow”) → ‎podrásť (“to grow a little”)
6. denoting the beginning or initiation of an action
  ‎pod- + ‎páliť (“to burn”) → ‎podpáliť (“to set on fire/arson”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎kúriť (“to heat/stoke”) → ‎podkúriť (“to stoke up/light a fire under”)
prefix used to form nouns and adjectives
1. denoting location underneath, near, or below the base object: under-, sub-, below
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎zem (“earth/ground”) + ‎-ie → ‎podzemie (“underground/subterranean space”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎hrad (“castle”) + ‎-ie → ‎podhradie (“settlement below a castle”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎koža (“skin”) + ‎-ný → ‎podkožný (“subcutaneous/under the skin”)
2. denoting a component that is part of a larger whole: sub-
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎skupina (“group”) → ‎podskupina (“subgroup”)
3. denoting a lower rank, title, or position in a hierarchy: vice-, sub-, junior
  ‎pod- + ‎predseda (“chairman/president”) → ‎podpredseda (“vice-chairman/vice-president”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎dôstojník (“officer”) → ‎poddôstojník (“non-commissioned officer”)
4. denoting a state that fails to reach a specific limit or required level: under-, hypo-
  Antonym: nad-
  
  ‎pod- + ‎výživa (“nutrition”) → ‎podvýživa (“malnutrition/undernourishment”)
  
  ‎pod- + ‎priemerný (“average”) → ‎podpriemerný (“below average”)
prefix found in adverbs and time designations denoting a period immediately before a boundary: before
‎pod- + ‎večer (“evening”) → ‎podvečer (“late afternoon/early evening”)

‎pod- + ‎jeseň (“autumn”) → ‎podjeseň (“early autumn/just before autumn”)

Derived terms

Slovak terms prefixed with pod-

References

^ Králik, Ľubor (2016), “pod-”, in Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny [Concise Etymological Dictionary of Slovak] (in Slovak), Bratislava: VEDA; JÚĽŠ SAV, →ISBN, page 451

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ-. Prefixed form of the preposition pod.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɔd-/, /pɔt-/

Prefix

pod-

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
1. under, beneath
  ‎pod- + ‎kopáti (“to dig”) → ‎podkopáti (“to undermine”)

Derived terms

Slovene terms prefixed with pod-

podcelina

podkovati

podleči

[1] Králik, Ľubor (2016), “pod-”, in Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny [Concise Etymological Dictionary of Slovak] (in Slovak), Bratislava: VEDA; JÚĽŠ SAV, →ISBN, page 451

[1]

English

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Old Polish

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Old Slovak

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Descendants

Polish

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Further reading

Serbo-Croatian

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Slovak

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References

Further reading

Slovene

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