tu-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "tu"

Bende

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“Class 13 noun prefix”).

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 noun prefix.

References

• Yuko Abe (2006), A Bende Vocabulary‎^[1], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

Kamba

Alternative forms

• tw-

Prefix

tu-

1. we (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Luguru

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“1st person plural subject concord”).

Prefix

tu-

1. 1st person plural subject concord.

References

• Laghano Lya Sambi Kwe Iwanu Wose - Matei 2:2 - "Tuyona" means "we saw"

Lushootseed

Alternative forms

• tə-

Prefix

tu-

1. inflectional prefix applied to any lexical category functioning as predicate or complement to indicate past tense

Matengo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“Class 13 noun prefix”).

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 noun prefix.

References

• Nobuko Yoneda (2006), A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[2], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Mbukushu

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“Class 13 noun prefix”).

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 noun prefix.

References

• R.C.Wynne (1980), English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[3], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xviii

Middle English

Etymology 1

Prefix

tu-

1. alternative form of to- (“towards”)

Etymology 2

Prefix

tu-

1. alternative form of to- (“apart”)

Shona

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“Class 13 noun prefix”).

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 noun prefix.

References

• M. Hannan, S.J. (1984), Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[4], Harare College Press, page x

Swahili

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-.

Prefix

tu-

1. we, 1st person plural subject concord

   Antonym: hatu-

See also

Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class_(I/II))

	person	independent	subject concord		object concord	combined forms			possessive
			affirmative	negative		na	ndi-	si-
singular	first	mimi	ni-	si-	-ni-	nami, na mimi	ndimi, ndiye	simi, siye	-angu
	second	wewe	u-	hu-	-ku-	nawe, na wewe	ndiwe, ndiye	siwe, siye	-ako
	third	yeye	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	naye, na yeye	ndiye	siye	-ake
plural	first	sisi	tu-	hatu-	-tu-	nasi, na sisi	ndisi, ndio	sio	-etu
	second	ninyi	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-wa-	nanyi, na ninyi	ndinyi, ndio	sinyi, sio	-enu
	third	wao	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	nao	ndio	sio	-ao
reflexive		—	—		-ji-	—			—

For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-.

Prefix

tu-

1. verb-initial form of -tu- (“us, 1st person plural object concord”)

Tooro

Alternative forms

• (before vowels) tw-

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tu-/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-.

Prefix

tu-

1. we; 1st person plural subject concord

   ‎tu- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎tukora (“we do”)

2. positive imperative form of -tu- (“us; 1st person plural object concord”)

   ‎tu- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎tuha (“give us”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-.

Prefix

tu-

1. class 13 pronominal concord

   ‎tu- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎tunu (“these (class 13)”)

2. they; class 13 subject concord

   ‎tu- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎tukora (“they (class 13) do”)

3. positive imperative form of -tu- (“them; class 13 object concord”)

   ‎tu- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎tuha (“give them (class 13)”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns

class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	combined forms
						na	ni
class 1	first	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
class 2	first	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	third	bo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[5], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 413-414

Tumbuka

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 subject concord.

Uneapa

Etymology

From earlier *natu- via truncation, from Proto-Oceanic *natu, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *natu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tu/

Noun

tu-

1. child

Further reading

• Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 365

Vidunda

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“1st person plural subject concord”).

Prefix

tu-

1. 1st person plural subject concord.

References

• Ilagano Linyale kwa Wanhu Weng'ha na Ilagano lya Katali kuli Chividunda - Matei 2:2 - "Tuyona" means "we saw"

Yao

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-.

Prefix

tu-

1. 1st person plural subject concord.

Prefix

tu-

1. Class 13 noun prefix.

References

• Chauncy Maples, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1888), Yao-English Vocabulary‎^[6], Universities' Mission Press, page 103

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [tu-]

Prefix

tu-

1. Allomorph of t- used for stems that begin with a consonant other than w and have a first vowel u.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

Zinza

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀- (“1st person plural subject concord”).

Prefix

tu-

1. 1st person plural subject concord.

References

• Wycliffe Bible Translators, Endagano Eénsha omu Chiziinza, 2024 - Matayo 2:2 - "Tukabona" means "we saw"