mu-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "mu"

Cebuano

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *-um-. See mo-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mu/, [mʊ]

Prefix

mu- (perfect ming-, mi-, ni-)

1. alternative form of mo-

See also

Category Cebuano terms prefixed with mu- not found

Kamba

Alternative forms

• m-

Prefix

mu-

1. you plural (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Kambera

Alternative forms

• u-

Pronoun

mu-

1. second person singular nominative proclitic

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Phuthi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.
2. him, her, it; class 3 object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Rwanda-Rundi

Prefix

mu-

1. you, second-person plural subject concord.
2. Augmentless form of umu- (“class 1 or 3 noun prefix”)
3. class 1 or 3 concord prefix for adjectives

Alternative forms

• mw- (before a vowel)

Shona

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Southern Pomo

Alternative forms

• mo-

Prefix

mu-

1. heat, fire, emotion
2. relating to a short object in the air

Usage notes

This prefix is used with verbs only.

Swahili

Alternative forms

• m- (before consonants)
• mw- (before vowels)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu- (plural wa-)

1. m class_(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/ and /w/

   ‎mu- + ‎-ua (“to kill”) + ‎-ji (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muuaji (“killer”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu- (plural mi-)

1. m class_(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/, /w/, and occasionally /h/

   muhindi ― maize plant

   ‎mu- + ‎-ungana (“to join together”) + ‎-o (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muungano (“union”)

See also

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. you, 2nd person plural subject concord used before /u/ and /w/

   Antonym: hamu-

2. verb-initial form of -mu- (“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class_(I)) object concord used before /u/ and /w/”)

See also

Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class_(I/II))

Number	Person	Independent	Subject concord		Object concord	Combined forms			Possessive
			affirmative	negative		na	ndi-	si-
Singular	First	mimi	ni-	si-	-ni-	nami, na mimi	ndimi, ndiye	simi, siye	-angu
	Second	wewe	u-	hu-	-ku-	nawe, na wewe	ndiwe, ndiye	siwe, siye	-ako
	Third	yeye	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	naye, na yeye	ndiye	siye	-ake
Plural	First	sisi	tu-	hatu-	-tu-	nasi, na sisi	ndisi, ndio	sio	-etu
	Second	ninyi	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-wa-	nanyi, na ninyi	ndinyi, ndio	sinyi, sio	-enu
	Third	wao	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	nao	ndio	sio	-ao
Reflexive		—	—		-ji-	—			—
For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-.

Prefix

mu-

1. therein, mu class_(XVIII) subject concord used before /u/ and /w/

   Antonym: hamu-

See also

Swahili verbal concords (third person)

Class	Subject concord		Object concord	Relative
	affirmative	negative
m(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Swazi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Tooro

Alternative forms

• (before vowels) mw-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mu-/

Prefix

mu-

1. you, you all; 2nd person plural subject concord

   ‎mu- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎mukora (“you all do”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns

Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	Combined forms
						na	ni
Class 1	First	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	Second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	Third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
Class 2	First	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	Second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	Third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
Class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
Class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
Class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
Class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
Class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
Class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
Class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
Class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
Class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
Class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
Class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
Class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
Class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
Class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
Reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

Tsonga

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Alternative forms

• m-
• n-

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Venda

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 1 simple noun prefix.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mú-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

1. Class 3 simple noun prefix.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “mu-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “mu-”