Reconstruction:Proto-Bantu/mʊ̀-

This Proto-Bantu entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Bantu

Prefix

*mʊ̀-

2nd person plural subject concord.

Descendants

Northeast Bantu:
- Northeast Coast Bantu:
  - Seuta:
    - Shambala (G23): m-
  - Sabaki:
    - Swahili:
      - Swahili (G42): m-
- Great Lakes Bantu:
  - Nyoro-Ganda:
    - Tooro (J12): mu-
    - Luganda (J15): mu-
  - Rwanda-Rundi (J61/62): mu-

Nyasa:
- Tumbuka (N21): mu-
- Chichewa (N31): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Ruvuma:
  - Yao (Africa) (P21): mu-

Umbundu (R11): vu-/u-

Kavango-Southwest Bantu:
- Southwest Bantu:
  - Ovambo:
    - Ndonga (R22): mu-
  - Herero (R30): mu-

B30 Group:
- Pinji (B304): no-
- Tsogo (B31): nò-
- Viya (B301): nò-
- Vove: nù-
Bole: bò-
Kilimanjaro Bantu:
- Mashami: mu-
- Mochi (E622A): mu-
- Rombo (E623): mu-
- Taita (E74): mu-
Lega (Shabunda): mu-
Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Makonde (P23): mu-
- Matuumbi: mu-
Southern Bantu:
- Inhambane:
  - Tonga: mu-
- Nguni:
  - Northern Ndebele (S44): li-
  - Phuthi (S404): li-
  - Swazi (S43): ni-
  - Xhosa (S41): ni-
  - Zulu (S42): ni-
- Sotho-Tswana:
  - Northern Sotho (S32): le
  - Southern Sotho: le
  - Tswana (S31): le
- Tsonga (S53): mi-
- Venda (S20): ni-
Western Savannah:
- Gciriku (K332): mu-, mw-
- Kwangali (K33): mu-
- Luvale (K14): mu-
- Luyana (K31): mu-
- Mbukushu (K333): mu-
- Yeyi (R41): ni-

Prefix

*mʊ̀-

Class 1 noun prefix.

Descendants

Sawabantu:
- Duala (A24): mu-

Sira:
- Punu (B43): mu-

Bangi-Tetela:
- Bangi-Ntomba:
  - Bangi-Moi:
    - Lingala (C30B): mo-

Bende (F12): mu-

Northeast Bantu:
- Northeast Coast Bantu:
  - Seuta:
    - Shambala (G23): mu-
  - Proto-Sabaki: *mu-/*mw- (see there for further descendants)
- Great Lakes Bantu:
  - Nyoro-Ganda:
    - Tooro (J12): mu-
    - Luganda (J15): mu-
    - Gwere (J17): mu-
  - Rwanda-Rundi (J61/62): mu-

Kavango-Southwest Bantu:
- Kavango:
  - Kwangali (K33): mu-/m-

Mbukushu (K333): mu-

Botatwe:
- Fwe (K402): mu-

Rukwa:
- Mbeya:
  - Lambya (M201): mu-
- Mwika:
  - Nyamwanga (M22): mu-

Sabi:
- Lala-Bisa (M51/52): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Mbinga:
  - Matengo (N13): mu-

Nyasa:
- Tumbuka (N21): mu-
- Chichewa (N31): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Mbinga:
  - Ndengereko (P31C): mu-

Southern Bantu:
- Makua:
  - Malawi Lomwe (P331): mu-

Shona:
- Shona (S10): mu-

Southern Bantu:
- Nguni:
  - Northern Ndebele (S44): mu-, m-
  - Phuthi (S404): mu-
  - Xhosa (S41): m-
  - Zulu (S42): mu-, m-
- Sotho-Tswana:
  - Sotho (S33): mo-
  - Tswana (S31): mo-
- Tsonga (S53): mu-
- Venda (S20): mu-

Derived terms

*jʊ̀-mʊ̀- (extended)
- Northeast Bantu:
  - Northeast Coast Bantu:
    - Proto-Sabaki: *umu-
  - Great Lakes Bantu:
    - Nyoro-Ganda:
      - Tooro (J12): omu-
      - Gwere (J17): omu-
    - Masaba-Luhya:
      - Nyole (Uganda) (J35): omu-
    - Logooli-Kuria:
      - Kabwa (J405): omu-
    - Rwanda-Rundi (J61/62): umu-
- Rukwa:
  - Mbeya:
    - Lambya (M201): umu-
  - Mwika:
    - Nyamwanga (M22): umu-
- Sabi:
  - Lala-Bisa (M51/52): umu-
- Kavango-Southwest Bantu:
  - Southwest Bantu:
    - Herero (R30): omu-
    - Ovambo:
      - Ndonga (R22): omu-/omw-
- Southern Bantu:
  - Nguni:
    - Northern Ndebele (S44): umu-, um-
    - Swazi (S43): umu-, um-
    - Xhosa (S41): um-
    - Zulu (S42): umu-, um-

Prefix

*mʊ̀-

Class 1 object concord.

Descendants

Great Lakes Bantu:
- Luganda (J15): mu-
- Tooro (J12): -mu-

Nyasa:
- Tumbuka (N21): -mu-
- Chichewa (N31): -mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Ruvuma:
  - Yao (Africa) (P21): -m- (“3rd person singular object concord”)

Shona:
- Shona (S10): -mu-

Southern Bantu:
- Nguni:
  - Swazi (S43): mu-, m-
  - Zulu (S42): mu-, m-
- Sotho-Tswana:
  - Sotho (S33): mo-

Prefix

*mʊ̀-

Class 3 noun prefix.

Descendants

Sawabantu:
- Duala (A24): mu-

Sira:
- Punu (B43): mu-

Bangi-Tetela:
- Bangi-Ntomba:
  - Bangi-Moi:
    - Lingala (C30B): mo-

Bende (F12): mu-

Kilombero:
- Ndamba (G52): mu-

Kongo:
- Beembe (H11): mu-

Northeast Bantu:
- Northeast Coast Bantu:
  - Proto-Sabaki: *mu-/*mw- (see there for further descendants)
- Great Lakes Bantu:
  - Haya-Jita:
    - Talinga-Bwisi (J102): mu-
  - Nyoro-Ganda:
    - Tooro (J12): mu-
    - Luganda (J15): mu-
    - Gwere (J17): mu-
  - Logooli-Kuria:
    - Ikoma (J45): mu-

Kavango-Southwest Bantu:
- Kavango:
  - Kwangali (K33): mu-/m-

Mbukushu (K333): mu-

Sabi:
- Lala-Bisa (M51/52): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Mbinga:
  - Matengo (N13): mu-

Nyasa:
- Tumbuka (N21): mu-
- Chichewa (N31): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Mbinga:
  - Ndengereko (P31C): mu-

Southern Bantu:
- Makua:
  - Malawi Lomwe (P331): mu-

Shona:
- Shona (S10): mu-

Southern Bantu:
- Nguni:
  - Northern Ndebele (S44): mu-, m-
  - Phuthi (S404): mu-
  - Xhosa (S41): m-
  - Zulu (S42): mu-, m-
- Sotho-Tswana:
  - Sotho (S33): mo-
  - Tswana (S31): mo-
- Tsonga (S53): mu-
- Venda (S20): mu-

Derived terms

*gʊ́-mʊ̀- (extended)
- Northeast Bantu:
  - Northeast Coast Bantu:
    - Proto-Sabaki: *umu-
  - Great Lakes Bantu:
    - Nyoro-Ganda:
      - Tooro (J12): omu-
      - Gwere (J17): omu-
    - Masaba-Luhya:
      - Nyole (Uganda) (J35): omu-
    - Logooli-Kuria:
      - Ikoma (J45): omu-
    - Rwanda-Rundi (J61/62): umu-
- Rukwa:
  - Mbeya:
    - Lambya (M201): umu-
- Sabi:
  - Lala-Bisa (M51/52): umu-
- Kavango-Southwest Bantu:
  - Southwest Bantu:
    - Ovambo:
      - Ndonga (R22): omu-/omw-
    - Herero:
      - Zemba (R311): omu-
- Southern Bantu:
  - Nguni:
    - Northern Ndebele (S44): umu-, um-
    - Swazi (S43): umu-, um-
    - Xhosa (S41): um-
    - Zulu (S42): umu-, um-

Prefix

*mʊ̀-

Class 18 noun prefix.

Descendants

Northeast Bantu:
- Northeast Coast Bantu:
  - Proto-Sabaki: *mu- (see there for further descendants)
- Bena-Kinga:
  - Hehe (G62): mu-

Bende (F12): mu-

Mbukushu (K333): mu-

Sabi:
- Bemba (M42): mu-
- Lala-Bisa (M51/52): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Mbinga:
  - Matengo (N13): mu-

Nyasa:
- Tumbuka (N21): mu-
- Chichewa (N31): mu-
  - Sena:
    - Nyungwe (N43): mu-

Rufiji-Ruvuma:
- Mbinga:
  - Ndengereko (P31C): mu-

Kavango-Southwest Bantu:
- Southwest Bantu:
  - Herero (R30): mu-

Shona:
- Shona (S10): mu-

Southern Bantu:
- Sotho-Tswana:
  - Sotho (S33): mo-
  - Tswana (S31): mo-