-ka

See also: ka- and Appendix:Variations of "ka"

Basque

Suffix

-ka

Used to form adverbs from nouns.
‎tarte (“gap, interval”) + ‎-ka → ‎tarteka (“intermittently”)
1. looking for
  ‎ote (“gorse, furze”) + ‎-ka → ‎oteka (“looking for gorse”)
2. divided in, distributed in
  ‎talde (“group”) + ‎-ka → ‎taldeka (“in groups”)

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -ka

Curripaco

Suffix

-ka

progressive tense marker
nuiraka : I am drinking

References

Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ ka]

Suffix

-ka f (noun-forming suffix)

appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
‎lékař + ‎-ka → ‎lékařka

Suffix

-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
‎vlna + ‎-ka → ‎vlnka

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ka

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

Particle

-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)

functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses; and (not) (see eikä)
ei → eikä
(no longer productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
saati → saatikka
(no longer productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.
jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä

Usage notes

This particle is no longer productive.
In some words the particle may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ka

eikä (the most common usage of this clitic)
-kalainen

Gagauz

Alternative forms

-yka (after vowels)

Etymology

Borrowed from Bulgarian -ка (-ka).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kɑ/
Always unstressed

Suffix

-ka

forms feminine singular nouns from originally masculine or genderless nouns
‎başkan (“president”) + ‎-ka → ‎başkanka (“female president”)
forms nouns from other nouns
‎kuş (“bird”) + ‎-ka → ‎kuşka (“birdcage”)

Usage notes

Unlike most suffixes, this suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

Derived terms

Gagauz terms suffixed with -ka

başkanka

kuşka

romınka

Hungarian

Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kɒ]
Rhymes: -kɒ

Suffix

-ka

(diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
‎cukor (“sugar”) + ‎-ka → ‎cukorka (“candy”)

‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-ka → ‎asztalka (“small table”)

jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)

Usage notes

(diminutive suffix) Variants:
-ka is added to back-vowel words

-ke is added to front-vowel words

Derived terms

Hungarian diminutive adjectives suffixed with -ka

nyalka

Hungarian proper nouns suffixed with -ka

Hungarian proper noun clippings suffixed with -ka

Ilocano

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ka/

Pronoun

-ka

Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you
Napankan? ― Did you go already?

Estudianteka. ― You are a student.
Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)
Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.

Estudianteka. ― You are my student.

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

Particle

-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)

Used to turn a clause interrogative.
Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not

Usage notes

In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.

Suffix

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

(unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
‎Proto-Finnic *mi- + ‎-ka → ‎mikä

‎Proto-Finnic *ku- + ‎-ka → ‎kuka
(unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2

Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kɑː/, [-kɑː]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

Suffix

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

(chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.

References

Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118

Japanese

Romanization

-ka

Rōmaji transcription of か

Kambera

Pronoun

-ka

first person singular accusative enclitic

Particle

-ka

perfective aspect enclitic
Na-mutung-ka.
It burned down.

Kashubian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ

Proto-Slavic *-ъka

Kashubian -ka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ka/

Suffix

-ka f

forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature
‎bednôrz + ‎-ka → ‎bednôrka

‎czãsc + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka f

added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-ukōną.

Suffix

-ka

turns an adjective into a causative verb
‎víð + ‎-ka → ‎víðka

‎þurr + ‎-ka → ‎þurka
turns a noun into a transitive verb
‎lit + ‎-ka → ‎litka

Descendants

Icelandic: -ka
Faroese: -ka
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ka
Swedish: -ka
Danish: -ke

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ

Proto-Slavic *-ъka

Old Polish -ka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ka/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ka/

Suffix

-ka f

feminine noun suffix
‎ambroże + ‎-ka → ‎ambrożka

Derived terms

Descendants

Polish: -ka
Silesian: -ka

Suffix

-ka n

inflection of -ko:
1. genitive singular
2. nominative/vocative plural

Pipil

Suffix

-ka

Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ

Proto-Slavic *-ъka

Old Polish -ka

Polish -ka

Inherited from Old Polish -ka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ka/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: -ka

Suffix

-ka f

feminine noun suffix
Synonym: -na

‎Azjata + ‎-ka → ‎Azjatka
diminutive noun suffix
‎część + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

Declension

Declension of -ka

	singular	plural
nominative	-ka	-ki
genitive	-ki	-ek
dative	-ce	-kom
accusative	-kę	-ki
instrumental	-ką	-kami
locative	-ce	-kach
vocative	-ko	-ki

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ka

Suffix

-ka n

inflection of -ko:
1. genitive singular
2. nominative/vocative plural

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)

Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

Silesian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ

Proto-Slavic *-ъka

Old Polish -ka

Silesian -ka

Inherited from Old Polish -ka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ka/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: -ka

Suffix

-ka f

forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature
‎bednŏrz + ‎-ka → ‎bednŏrka

‎kość + ‎-ka → ‎kostka

Derived terms

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ka]

Suffix

-ka

denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)
sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)

Declension

Declension of *-ka*
(pattern *žena*)
	singular	plural
nominative	-ka	-ky
genitive	-ky	-iek, -ok
dative	-ke	-kám, -kam
accusative	-ku	-ky
locative	-ke	-kách, -kach
instrumental	-kou	-kami

Derived terms

Slovak terms suffixed with -ka

Slovincian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ

Proto-Slavic *-ъka

Slovincian -ka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ka/

Suffix

-ka f

forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature
‎bednorz + ‎-ka → ‎bednorka

‎jagôda + ‎-ka → ‎jagódka

Derived terms

Slovincian terms suffixed with -ka

Somali

Article

-ka (feminine -ta)

The masculine definite article; the

Usage notes

This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.

References

Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012), “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎^[1], Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

Swahili

Suffix

-ka

alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u
‎-sikia (“to hear”) + ‎-ka → ‎-sikika (“to audible”)

‎-fungua (“to open”) + ‎-ka → ‎-funguka (“to be opened”)

‎shughuli (“occupation, trade”) + ‎-ka → ‎-shughulika (“to be busy”)

Derived terms

Swahili stative verbs

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse -ka, from Proto-Germanic *-ukōną, *-ikōną.

Suffix

-ka

(no longer productive) Used to form nouns from adjectives
‎hal (“slippery”) + ‎-ka → ‎halka (“slipperiness”)
(no longer productive) Used to form verbs from adjectives, nouns or other verbs
‎blid (“mild”) + ‎-ka → ‎blidka (“to placate”)

‎ja (“a yes”) + ‎-ka → ‎jaka (“to say yes”)

‎stöna (“to moan”) + ‎-ka → ‎stånka (“to huff and puff”)

References

-ka in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

-ka

added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

Votic

Etymology

From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-kɑː/
(Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): [-kɑ]

Suffix

-ka

Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.

Usage notes

This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies
ALIV	-ka
Brazilian standard	-ka
New Tribes	-ca

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-ka]

Etymology 1

Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).

Alternative forms

-kkwa (allomorphs)

Suffix

-ka

forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-

Usage notes

This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2

From Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).

Suffix

-ka

forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ka (allative)

aka

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ka

allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, page 148
Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
Person	Number	Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic³	Oblique	bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita¹	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo¹	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami¹	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
Second	plural	dakayo, sikayo¹	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø²	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
Third	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada

Actor	Patient
Actor	siak	data	datayo	dakami	sika	dakayo	isu⁵	isuda
siak	bagik⁴	—	—	—	-ka	-kayo	-ko, -k	-ko ida, -k ida
data	—	bagita⁴	—	—	—	—	-ta	-ta ida
datayo	—	—	bagitayo⁴	—	—	—	-tayo	-tayo ida
dakami	—	—	—	bagimi⁴	-daka	-dakayo	-mi	-mi ida
sika	-nak	—	—	-nakami	bagim⁴	—	-mo, -m	-mo ida, -m ida
dakayo	-dak	-data	—	-dakami	—	bagiyo⁴	-yo	-yo ida
isu	-nak	-nata	-natayo	-nakami	-naka	-nakayo	bagina⁴, -na	-na ida
isuda	-dak	-data	-datayo	-dakami	-daka	-dakayo	-da	bagida⁴, -da ida

			nominative	genitive	accusative	dative
singular	first person		ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
	second person		mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
	third person		na-	-na	-ya	-nya
plural	first person	inclusive	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
	first person	exclusive	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
	second person		mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
	third person		da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Basque

Suffix

Derived terms

Curripaco

Suffix

References

Czech

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Suffix

Derived terms

Further reading

Finnish

Etymology

Particle

Usage notes

Derived terms

Gagauz

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Further reading

Hungarian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

See also

Ilocano

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

See also

Ingrian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Particle

Usage notes

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Suffix

References

Japanese

Romanization

Kambera

Pronoun

Particle

See also

Kashubian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Old Norse

Etymology

Suffix

Descendants

Old Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Descendants

Suffix

Pipil

Suffix

Further reading

Polish

Etymology