joka
Basque
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
- Rhymes: -oka
- Hyphenation: jo‧ka
Etymology 1
[edit]Adverb
[edit]joka (not comparable)
Etymology 2
[edit]Verb
[edit]joka
- Short form of jokatu (“to play”).
Further reading
[edit]- “joka”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], Euskaltzaindia
- “joka”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *joka, from Proto-Finno-Permic *jo. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with kuka and mikä). Related to Karelian joka, Votic jõka, Northern Sami juohkẹ, juogọ, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo, “some”) and Western Mari юж (juž, “some”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]joka
Usage notes
[edit]- (relative):
- joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.[1]
- Ostin uuden puhelimen, joka on toiminut hyvin. ("that" refers to the phone)
- I bought a new phone that has been working well.
- Ostin uuden puhelimen, mikä oli ihan hyvä kokemus. ("which" refers to the act of buying a phone)
- I bought a new phone, which was quite a good experience.
- Tässä on mies, joka sen teki.
- This is the man who did it.
- En tiedä, mitä hän haluaa. (no referent in the preceding clause)
- I don't know what he wants.
- In colloquial usage, this distinction is usually not as clear-cut. Using the wrong relative pronoun is however seen as incorrect, e.g. in schools.
- If the previous word is a pronoun not referring to a person, there exists variation between joka and mikä. In general, the former is used with more concrete or specifically defined concepts, while the latter is used with more abstract, less defined concepts. With locations, both joka and mikä can be used. With persons, joka is always used.
- se, jonka ostin ― the one that I bought
- se, mikä on tehtävä ― that which must be done
- se, joka ei sääntöjä noudata ― that who does not obey the rules
- paikka, jossa kävimme / paikka, missä kävimme ― the place (that) we visited
- joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.[1]
- In many Eastern Finnish dialects, the indeclinable stem -ka is extended to all forms. These can occur in standard Finnish on occasion, but are considered colloquial or dialectal.
- joidenka, jotenka, joihinka, jonneka
Inflection
[edit]Irregular. Some cases are practically never used. The conjunction jos is etymologically the s-lative singular of this pronoun.
Declension of joka
|
Determiner
[edit]joka (not inflected)
- every, each
- Hän käy lenkillä joka päivä.
- She goes jogging every day.
- joka kerta ― every time
- joka puolella/puolelta/puolelle, joka paikassa/paikasta/paikkaan ― everywhere
- joka tapauksessa ― in any case, at any rate
- joka toinen vuosi ― every two years, biannually
Derived terms
[edit]- joitse
- joka ainoa
- joka ikinen
- joka toinen
- joka-aamuinen
- jokailtainen
- jokainen
- jokakesäinen
- jokakeväinen
- jokakuukautinen
- jokamiehenluokka
- jokamiehenoikeus
- jokamies
- jokamiesluokka
- jokanainen
- jokapaikan
- jokapaikansara
- jokapuolinen
- jokapyöräveto
- jokapäiväinen
- jokasyksyinen
- jokatalvinen
- jokaviikkoinen
- jokavuotinen
- jokayksi
- jokaöinen
- joko
- jok’ainoa
- jollainen
- jolloin
- jommoinen
- jompi
- jonkalainen
- jonne
- jos
- jotakuinkin
- jotavastoin
- joten
- jotta
Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- jokainen (close in meaning)
References
[edit]- ^ Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004) “§ 735 Relatiivipronominien ominaisuudet”, in Iso suomen kielioppi[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- “joka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams
[edit]Garo
[edit]Noun
[edit]joka
- to flow
- chibima jokangenga
- The river is flowing away
Guaraní
[edit]Verb
[edit]joka
Ingrian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *joka. Cognates include Finnish joka and Karelian joka.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞ɡ̊ɑ]
- Rhymes: -okɑ
- Hyphenation: jo‧ka
Determiner
[edit]joka (invariable)
- every, each
- joka päivä ― every day
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 49:
- Joka paikaas flakut, väki.
- Everywhere there's flags, there's people
- (literally, “In every place flags, people.”)
- 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- No joka predmetan kupahain päivän pittuueel muuttuu.
- But the shadow of every object changes in length during the day.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[3], →ISBN, page 79
Latvian
[edit]Noun
[edit]joka m
Swahili
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From ji- (augmentative) + nyoka (“snake”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]joka (ma class, plural majoka)
- Augmentative of nyoka: serpent (big snake)
- Basque terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Basque/oka
- Rhymes:Basque/oka/2 syllables
- Basque terms suffixed with -ka
- Basque lemmas
- Basque adverbs
- Basque uncomparable adverbs
- Basque non-lemma forms
- Basque verb forms
- Basque short verb forms
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Permic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic
- Finnish terms suffixed with -ka
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Finnish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/okɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/okɑ/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish pronouns
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish determiners
- Finnish indefinite pronouns
- Finnish relative pronouns
- Garo lemmas
- Garo nouns
- Garo terms with usage examples
- Guaraní lemmas
- Guaraní verbs
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Ingrian/okɑ
- Rhymes:Ingrian/okɑ/2 syllables
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian determiners
- Ingrian indefinite determiners
- Ingrian terms with collocations
- Ingrian terms with quotations
- Latvian non-lemma forms
- Latvian noun forms
- Swahili terms prefixed with ji-
- Swahili terms with audio pronunciation
- Swahili lemmas
- Swahili nouns
- Swahili ma class nouns
- Swahili augmentative nouns
- sw:Snakes