-m

See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-m/ [-m]

Suffix

-m

1. Used to form (pro)nouns taking on the quality of the suffixed determiners, numbers, verbs and nouns.

   ‎yí (“my”) + ‎-m → ‎yím (“mine (my something)”)

Usage notes

• When added to a noun, the suffix is added to a genitive:

  ‎áwka (“boy”) + ‎-m → ‎awkím (“the boy's thing”)

Derived terms

Afar terms suffixed with -m

kayim

kenim

kum

nim

sinim

tetim

yim

References

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 236

Estonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-mpi, cognate to Finnish -mpi.

Suffix

-m

1. Forms comparative adjectives.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ma, cognate to Finnish -ma.

Suffix

-m

1. Forms nouns from verbs.

   koguma (“to collect”) → kogum (“collection, complex, group of items or objects”)

   valima (“to select”) → valim (“sample (in statistics)”)

   hõljuma (“to float”) → hõljum (“plankton”)

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -m

asum

hõljum

võim

Hungarian

Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *mᴕ̈ (“I”); see also én (“I”). Cognate with Northern Mansi -м (-m, “my”).

Suffix

-m

2. (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
4. (personal suffix) First-person singular personal suffix:
   1. Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).

      ‎tud (“to know”) → ‎tudom, tudtam, tudjam, tudnám (“I know / knew / should know / would know it”)

      ‎kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → ‎kérem, kértem, kérjem, kérném (“I ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)

   2. Indefinite forms of -ik verbs.

      ‎alszik (“to sleep”) + ‎-m → ‎alszom (“I sleep”)

   4. Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for me to do something”).

      ‎tanulni (“to study”) + ‎-m → ‎tanulnom kell (“I need to study”, literally “for_me_to_study is_necessary”)

      Csak kérnem kell. ― All I have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_me_to_ask is_necessary”)

   5. Declined and postpositional forms of the first-person personal pronoun én (“I”).

      ‎-ban/-ben (“in”) + ‎-m → ‎bennem (“in me”)

      ‎elé (“in front of”) + ‎-m → ‎elém (“in front of me”)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)

  ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)

  ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)

  ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)

  -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)

  -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)

  -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)

  ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)

  -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

Etymology 2

It can be traced back to the Proto-Uralic *-m.

Suffix

-m

1. (noun-forming suffix, obsolete) Added to a verb (or rarely to a noun) to form a noun. No longer productive in this sense.

   öröm, álom, folyam

   alom, orom, hím

2. (frequentative verb-forming suffix, obsolete) No longer productive in this sense.

   élemedett (“elderly”)

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Ilocano

Pronoun

-m

1. alternative form of -mo (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

See also

Ilocano personal pronouns

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
		Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic3		bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita1	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo1	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami1	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
	plural	dakayo, sikayo1	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø2	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada

¹Regional variants.
²Null morpheme: there is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used.
³Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.

Fused enclitics

Actor	Patient
	siak	data	datayo	dakami	sika	dakayo	isu5	isuda
siak	bagik4	—	—	—	-ka	-kayo	-ko, -k	-ko ida, -k ida
data	—	bagita4	—	—	—	—	-ta	-ta ida
datayo	—	—	bagitayo4	—	—	—	-tayo	-tayo ida
dakami	—	—	—	bagimi4	-daka	-dakayo	-mi	-mi ida
sika	-nak	—	—	-nakami	bagim4	—	-mo, -m	-mo ida, -m ida
dakayo	-dak	-data	—	-dakami	—	bagiyo4	-yo	-yo ida
isu	-nak	-nata	-natayo	-nakami	-naka	-nakayo	bagina4, -na	-na ida
isuda	-dak	-data	-datayo	-dakami	-daka	-dakayo	-da	bagida4, -da ida

⁴Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form.
⁵ isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Marshallese

Alternative forms

• em
• im

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [mʲ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /-mʲ/
• Bender phonemes: {-m}

Suffix

-m

1. and

References

• Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Northern Kurdish

Suffix

-m

1. first-person singular suffix

   têm ('I come.')

   çûm ('I went.')

Alternative forms

• -im (after a consonant)

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-mus.

Suffix

-m m

1. Forms verbal nouns of A III (hiatus) verbs

Inflection

Masculine u-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-m	-mL	-mae
vocative	-m	-mL	-mu
accusative	-mN	-mL	-mu
genitive	-moH, -maH	-mo, -ma	-maeN
dative	-mL	-maib	-maib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-m/

Suffix

-m

1. Plural suffix (with m-declension nouns)

References

• Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “-m”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[1], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m/
• Rhymes: -m
• Syllabification: -m

Etymology 1

From earlier -śm, a contraction of Old Polish jeśm, from Proto-Slavic *esmь.

Suffix

-m

1. past-tense first-person singular suffix

   ‎robić + ‎-m → ‎robiłem

   ‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądałem

Alternative forms

• -em (after a consonant)

See also

• -ś
• -ście
• -śmy

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish -m, from Proto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European [Term?].

Suffix

-m

1. first-person singular suffix

   ‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądam

Further reading

• -m in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Quechua

Alternative forms

• -mi (after consonants)
• -n (Cuzco-Collao)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-m/
  • (Ayacucho) IPA^(key): [-m]
  • (Cuzco-Collao) IPA^(key): [-ŋ]

Suffix

-m

1. Evidential suffix, first-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has direct evidence/knowledge of some fact, having experienced it, seen it, heard it, etc.

   Ñuqa runa simitam rimani. Qusqumantam kani.

   I speak Quechua. I am from Cuzco.

   Allqukunaqa chawa aychatam mikunku.

   Dogs eat raw meat.

2. Used to mark an open-ended question; less formal than -taq.

   Maymantam kanki?

   Where are you from?

See also

• -s, -si
• -ch, -chá

Turkish

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	a / ı	e / i	o / u	ö / ü
postconsonantal	-ım	-im	-um	-üm
postvocalic	-m

-m

1. Post-vocalic form of -im.

   ‎kedi (“cat”) + ‎-m → ‎kedim (“my cat”)

   ‎Utku (“Utku”) + ‎-m → ‎Utku'm (“my Utku”)

Suffix

-m

1. alternate form of first-person singular simple present tense copula conjugation suffix -um used after informal present continuous suffix -iyo

   git - gidiyom

   go - I am going

Uzbek

Suffix

postconsonantal	-im
postvocalic	-m

-m (Cyrillic spelling -м)

1. Form of -im after a vowel.

   Bu ruchkam.

   This is my ball pen.