-k
English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle English -ken, -kien, from Old English -cian, from Proto-West Germanic *-kōn, from Proto-Germanic *-kōną. Cognate with West Frisian -kje, German -chen, Danish -ke, Swedish -ka. Perhaps related to Old English diminutive suffix -uc, -oc. More at -ock.
Suffix[edit]
-k
- (obsolete, no longer productive) A suffix found in words of Middle English, Old English, usually with an intensive or frequentative effect.
Abenaki[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
Usage notes[edit]
- Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
- See the usage notes at -ak.
Afar[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- Marks the ablative case: from
- Marks the elative case: out of
- Marks the perlative case: via, through
- Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
- Marks the subject of a comparison: than
- (+ én) Marks the material from which an object is made: -en
References[edit]
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 361
Basque[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- -ek (after consonants)
Etymology[edit]
Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.[1]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- Ergative indefinite suffix.
Declension[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ “-k [2]” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk.
Chuukese[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
Estonian[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Cognate with Finnish -kko.
Suffix[edit]
-k (genitive -ku, partitive -kut)
- Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
Declension[edit]
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -k | -kud |
accusative | -ku | -kud |
genitive | -ku | -kute |
partitive | -kut | -kuid |
illative | -kusse | -kutesse -kuisse |
inessive | -kus | -kutes -kuis |
elative | -kust | -kutest -kuist |
allative | -kule | -kutele -kuile |
adessive | -kul | -kutel -kuil |
ablative | -kult | -kutelt -kuilt |
translative | -kuks | -kuteks -kuiks |
terminative | -kuni | -kuteni |
essive | -kuna | -kutena |
abessive | -kuta | -kuteta |
comitative | -kuga | -kutega |
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *-kkei. Cognate with Finnish -kki.
Suffix[edit]
-k (genitive -ki, partitive -kit)
- Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.
Declension[edit]
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -k | -kid |
accusative | -ki | -kid |
genitive | -ki | -kite |
partitive | -kit | -keid |
illative | -kisse | -kitesse -keisse |
inessive | -kis | -kites -keis |
elative | -kist | -kitest -keist |
allative | -kile | -kitele -keile |
adessive | -kil | -kitel -keil |
ablative | -kilt | -kitelt -keilt |
translative | -kiks | -kiteks -keiks |
terminative | -kini | -kiteni |
essive | -kina | -kitena |
abessive | -kita | -kiteta |
comitative | -kiga | -kitega |
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
May be the same as etymology 2.
Suffix[edit]
-k (genitive -gi, partitive -ki)
- Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
Finnish[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Particle[edit]
-k
Synonyms[edit]
- -ko (standard)
Hungarian[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- (plural suffix) -s, -es
- (personal suffix) Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).
- (obsolete) Diminutive suffix.
- (obsolete) Instantaneous verb-forming suffix. Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such as reszket, serken, sikolt, szerkeszt, -kol/-kel/-köl, -kod/-ked/-köd, -dokol/-dekel/-dököl.
Usage notes[edit]
- (plural suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
- The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
- If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).
See also[edit]
Ingrian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).
Pronunciation[edit]
Particle[edit]
-k
- Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
- 1936, V. I. Junus; P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:
- Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?
- Will you come to us tomorrow?
- Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.
- Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.
- (rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)
- 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:
- Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.
- The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.
Usage notes[edit]
- In the interrogative function, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant -t, the full forms -ka and -kä may be used.
References[edit]
- Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[2], →ISBN, page 18
Inupiaq[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- dual number in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting
Kashubian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
Suffix[edit]
-k m
- Forms masculine nouns.
Derived terms[edit]
Lower Sorbian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
Suffix[edit]
-k m
- used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms[edit]
Maltese[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Arabic ـكَ m (-ka), ـكِ f (-ki).
Suffix[edit]
-k
Related terms[edit]
Mohawk[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- continuative suffix
References[edit]
- Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 442
- Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018) Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page 92
Ojibwe[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- Alternative form of -g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
- A suffix denoting the second-person plural to third person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending
Usage notes[edit]
In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the final d merges with -g to produce -k.
See also[edit]
Old Norse[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
-k (enclitic)
- enclitic form of ek
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
- Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi […]- I know that the best / nickname
under the blue sky / that a king might have […]
- I know that the best / nickname
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
See also[edit]
Onondaga[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- continuative suffix
References[edit]
- Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 104
Turkish[edit]
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ık | -ik | -uk | -ük |
postvocalic | -k |
Suffix[edit]
-k
- Post-vocalic form of -ık.
Upper Sorbian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
Suffix[edit]
-k m
- Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.
Derived terms[edit]
Veps[edit]
Etymology[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle[edit]
-k
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
References[edit]
- Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “а, ли”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Yoruba[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-k
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English diminutive suffixes
- English terms with obsolete senses
- Abenaki lemmas
- Abenaki suffixes
- Afar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afar lemmas
- Afar suffixes
- Basque terms with unknown etymologies
- Basque lemmas
- Basque suffixes
- Basque inflectional suffixes
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian suffixes
- Estonian noun-forming suffixes
- Estonian õpik-type nominals
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish particles
- Finnish dialectal terms
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian diminutive suffixes
- Hungarian terms with obsolete senses
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian particles
- Ingrian clitics
- Ingrian terms with quotations
- Ingrian terms with rare senses
- Inupiaq lemmas
- Inupiaq suffixes
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian lemmas
- Kashubian suffixes
- Kashubian noun-forming suffixes
- Kashubian masculine suffixes
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian suffixes
- Lower Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Lower Sorbian noun-forming suffixes
- Lower Sorbian masculine suffixes
- Maltese terms inherited from Arabic
- Maltese terms derived from Arabic
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese suffixes
- Maltese personal pronouns
- Mohawk lemmas
- Mohawk suffixes
- Ojibwe lemmas
- Ojibwe suffixes
- Ojibwe verb suffixes
- Ojibwe imperative verb suffixes
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse pronouns
- Old Norse clitics
- Old Norse terms with quotations
- Onondaga lemmas
- Onondaga suffixes
- Turkish non-lemma forms
- Turkish suffix forms
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian suffixes
- Upper Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Upper Sorbian noun-forming suffixes
- Upper Sorbian masculine suffixes
- Veps lemmas
- Veps particles
- Yoruba lemmas
- Yoruba suffixes