-em

See also: Appendix:Variations of "em"

Albanian

Alternative forms

• -hna (Gheg)

Etymology

Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /em/, [ɛm]

Suffix

-em

1. (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
2. Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice

   active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)

   active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)

3. Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives

   adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-stem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)

• Standard Albanian/Tosk personal suffixes for verbs:

mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular)
	indicative	subjunctive	conditional	optative	admirative
	(dëftore)	(lidhore)	(kushtore)	(dëshirore)	(habitore)
present	-em	(të) -em	(do të) -esha	(u) -sha / -fsha	(u) -am
continuous present	(po) -em	(po të) -em	(po do të) -esha		(po u) -am
imperfect	-esha	(të) -esha			(u) -ësha
continuous imperfect	(po) -esha	(po të) -esha			(po u) -ësha
aorist	(u) -a / (u) -va	-	-	-	-
perfect	j-am (+ participle)	(të) j-em (+ participle)		qof-sha (+ participle)	qenk-am (+ participle)
past perfect I	isha (+ participle)	(të) isha (+ participle)	(do të) isha (+ participle)		qenk-ësha (+ participle)
past perfect II (aorist II)	q-eshë (+ participle)
future I	k-am (për t'u + participle)		(do të) -em
future perfect	k-am (për të qenë + participle)		(do të) j-em (+ participle)

Related terms

• -hem
• -hna
• -na

Bislama

Alternative forms

• -im, -um

Etymology

Inherited from English him / 'em.

Suffix

-em

1. indicates a transitive verb
   • 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, “7.3 Method”, in Social Lives in Language — Sociolinguistics and Multilingual Speech Communities: Celebrating the Work of Gillian Sankoff‎^[1], →ISBN, page 344:

     Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.

     The bank wants me to pay a fine because I am in overdraft.

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin -ēmus, the active ending for the first person plural in the Latin second conjugation. The final *-us was lost due to analogy with the Latin second declension (which also ended in -us); had that not been lost, the result would have been *-emos or *-emes. Displaced -āmus, the active ending of the first person plural, which likely would have yielded *-amos or *-ames (or *-am, with loss of the final *-us).

Suffix

-em

1. Used to form the first person plural present indicative of first and second conjugation verbs

Chuukese

Suffix

-em

1. (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)

Related terms

Chuukese possessive determiners

		small objects, concepts	large objects, living things	suffix
singular	first person	ai	nei	-ei
	second person	omw, om	noum	-om
	third person	an	noun	-an
plural	first person	äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive)	nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive)	-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive)
	second person	ämi, ami	noumi	-emi
	third person	ar	nour	-er

Etruscan

Romanization

-em

1. romanization of -𐌄𐌌

German

Etymology 1

From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əm/

Suffix

-em

1. masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives

Etymology 2

Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əm/, /ɛm/
• Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.

Suffix

-em

1. alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)

Derived terms

• Ahlem
• Ahrem
• Baasem
• Bachem
• Badem
• Blessem
• Bockenem
• Bredelem
• Broitzem
• Cochem
• Dahlem
• Deesem
• Eulgem
• Fließem
• Gilzem
• Horrem
• Katzem
• Ließem
• Luxem
• Mehlem
• Niederaussem
• Pickließem
• Rethem
• Sehlem
• Spangdahlem
• Stedem
• Stockem
• Uedem
• Wehdem
• Wierschem

See also

• Sechtem

Etymology 3

Ultimately a backformation from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma), whence German Phonem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːm/

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-em n

1. (linguistics) -eme

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -em

Derivatem

Glossem

Graphem

Morphem

Phrasem

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛm]
• Rhymes: -ɛm

Etymology 1

Suffix

-em

2. (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.

   ‎eszik (“to eat”) + ‎-em → ‎eszem (“I eat, I am eating”)

4. (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Forms the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.

   ‎ért (“to understand”) + ‎-em → ‎értem (“I understand [him/her/it]”)

6. (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎kertem (“my garden”)

Usage notes

    Present tense indefinite – personal suffixes

Person		Back     vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-ok	-ek	-ök
	-ik verbs (optional)	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-sz
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-asz	-esz
	after s, sz, z, dz	-ol	-el	-öl
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	–
	-ik verbs	-ik
mi	1st person plural	-unk	-ünk
ti	2nd person plural	-tok	-tek	-tök
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-otok	-etek	-ötök
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-nak	-nek
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anak	-enek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -ok is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

  -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs

  -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs

  -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

    Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

• (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:

  -om is added to back-vowel verbs

  -em is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -öm is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)

  ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)

  ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)

  ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)

  -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)

  -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)

  -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)

  ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)

  -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

Declension

(possessive suffix):

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	-em	—
accusative	-emet	—
dative	-emnek	—
instrumental	-emmel	—
causal-final	-emért	—
translative	-emmé	—
terminative	-emig	—
essive-formal	-emként	—
essive-modal	-emül	—
inessive	-emben	—
superessive	-emen	—
adessive	-emnél	—
illative	-embe	—
sublative	-emre	—
allative	-emhez	—
elative	-emből	—
delative	-emről	—
ablative	-emtől	—
non-attributive possessive – singular	-emé	—
non-attributive possessive – plural	-eméi	—

Etymology 2

Suffix

-em

2. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun. A final single -l may become long -ll-.

   ‎jel (“sign”) + ‎-em → ‎jellem (“character”)

   ‎szél (“wind”) + ‎-em → ‎szellem (“ghost, spirit”)

   ‎illik (“to suit, to be proper”) + ‎-em → ‎illem (“good manners, proper behaviour”)

Usage notes

• (noun-forming suffix) Variants:

  -am is added to back-vowel words

  -em is added to front-vowel words

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	-em	-emek
accusative	-emet	-emeket
dative	-emnek	-emeknek
instrumental	-emmel	-emekkel
causal-final	-emért	-emekért
translative	-emmé	-emekké
terminative	-emig	-emekig
essive-formal	-emként	-emekként
essive-modal	-emül	-emekül
inessive	-emben	-emekben
superessive	-emen	-emeken
adessive	-emnél	-emeknél
illative	-embe	-emekbe
sublative	-emre	-emekre
allative	-emhez	-emekhez
elative	-emből	-emekből
delative	-emről	-emekről
ablative	-emtől	-emektől
non-attributive possessive – singular	-emé	-emeké
non-attributive possessive – plural	-eméi	-emekéi

Possessive forms of -em

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	-emem	-emeim
2nd person sing.	-emed	-emeid
3rd person sing.	-eme	-emei
1st person plural	-emünk	-emeink
2nd person plural	-emetek	-emeitek
3rd person plural	-emük	-emeik

Derived terms

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -em

érem

illem

jellem

szellem

ütem

üzem

See also

• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Latin

Alternative forms

• -ẽ (scribal abbreviation)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ẽː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [em]
• Hyphenation: -em

Etymology 1

See -ēs (“suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns”).

Suffix

-em f

1. accusative singular of -ēs

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-em

1. first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-em

1. accusative singular of -s

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əβ̃/, [eβ̃]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.

Suffix

-em m

1. Forms occupational nouns.

   ‎flaith (“rule”) + ‎-em → ‎flaithem (“ruler”)

   ‎breth (“judgement”) + ‎-em → ‎brithem (“judge”)

   ‎fíach (“debt”) + ‎-em → ‎féchem (“debtor”)

Inflection

Masculine n-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-em	-emainL	-emain
vocative	-em	-emainL	-emnaH
accusative	-emainN	-emainL	-emnaH
genitive	-eman	-emanL	-emanN
dative	-emainL, -emL	-emnaib	-emnaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Alternative forms

• -am (broad form)

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -em (occupational)

brithem

etham

féchem

flaithem

glaídem

luam

ollam

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.

Suffix

-em f

1. Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.

   ‎feithid (“to watch over”) + ‎-em → ‎fethem (“watching over”)

   ‎moídid (“to boast”) + ‎-em → ‎moídem (“boasting”)

   ‎ad·gládathar (“to converse with”) + ‎-em → ‎acaldam (“conversation”)

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-emL	—	—
vocative	-emL	—	—
accusative	-imN	—	—
genitive	-meH	—	—
dative	-imL	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Alternative forms

• -am (after a broad consonant)

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -em (verbnoun)

acaldam

airégem

caithem

creitem

éigem

moídem

seichem

Descendants

• Irish: -amh
• Scottish Gaelic: -amh

Pijin

Alternative forms

• -im
• -um

Etymology

English him, 'em

Suffix

-em

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

Polish

Alternative forms

• -iem (after k and g in declension types: masculine III; neuter II)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -em, from Proto-Slavic *-emь/-ъ̀mь/-ь̀mь.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛm/
• Rhymes: -ɛm
• Syllabification: -em

Suffix

-em

1. forms the instrumental singular of nouns of declension types: masculine I, II, III, IV, V; neuter I, II, III, IV, V

Further reading

• Zenon Klemensiewicz; Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński; Stanisław Urbańczyk (1965), Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego‎^[2] (in Polish), III edition, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, page 272
• Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa; Stanisław Dubisz (2006), Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego (in Polish), III edition, Warsaw: Publishers of the University of Warsaw, →ISBN, page 204

Vlax Romani

Suffix

-em

1. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.

Volapük

Suffix

-em

1. An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things

Derived terms

Volapük terms suffixed with -em

bomem

bukem

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛm/

Suffix

-em

1. (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional

Derived terms

Category Welsh terms suffixed with -em not found