-ja

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"

English

Suffix

-ja

1. (colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.

Derived terms

• couldja
• didja
• wouldja

Related terms

• -cha

Anagrams

• AJ

Emilian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɐ/

Pronoun

-ja (personal, nominative case)

1. (enclitic) Alternative form of a

Related terms

Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)

Number	Person	Gender	Proclitic				Enclitic				Aphetic
			N	A	D	R	N	A	D	R	N	A	D	R
Singular	First	—	aj-	m’			-ja	-em			-ja	-m
	Second	—	t-	t’			-et				-t
	Third	Masculine	l-		g’	s’	-el		-eg	-es	-l		-g	-s
		Feminine	l’				-la				-la
Plural	First	—	aj-	s’			-ja	-es			-ja	-s
	Second	—	aj-	v’			-ev				-v
	Third	Masculine	j-		g’	s’	-i		-eg	-es	-j		-g	-s
		Feminine	elj-				-li				-li

Estonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.

Suffix

-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)

1. -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones

Declension

Declension of -ja (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-ja	-jad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-ja
genitive			-jate
partitive		-jat	-jaid
illative		-jasse	-jatesse -jaisse
inessive		-jas	-jates -jais
elative		-jast	-jatest -jaist
allative		-jale	-jatele -jaile
adessive		-jal	-jatel -jail
ablative		-jalt	-jatelt -jailt
translative		-jaks	-jateks -jaiks
terminative		-jani	-jateni
essive		-jana	-jatena
abessive		-jata	-jateta
comitative		-jaga	-jatega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -ja

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ja

1. derives various adverbs

   sala "secretly" → salaja "secretly"

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jɑ]
• IPA^(key): [(j)ɑ] (after -i-)

Suffix

-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)

1. Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er

   ‎katsoa (“to watch”) + ‎-ja → ‎katsoja (“a watcher, spectator”)

   ‎tehdä (“to do”) + ‎-ja → ‎tekijä (“a doer; a writer, author, playwright; a factor”)

   ‎syyttää (“to blame”) + ‎-ja → ‎syyttäjä (“prosecutor”)

Usage notes

• If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.

  ‎juokse- + ‎-ja → ‎juoksija

  ‎näyttele- + ‎-ja → ‎näyttelijä

Declension

The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.

If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, the noun is declined as type 12 (kulkija) (derivatives of type 62 verbs (voida) are an exception, however).

Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative		-ja	-jat
genitive		-jan	-joiden -joitten
partitive		-jaa	-joita
illative		-jaan	-joihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ja	-jat
accusative	nom.	-ja	-jat
	gen.	-jan
genitive		-jan	-joiden -joitten -jain rare
partitive		-jaa	-joita
inessive		-jassa	-joissa
elative		-jasta	-joista
illative		-jaan	-joihin
adessive		-jalla	-joilla
ablative		-jalta	-joilta
allative		-jalle	-joille
essive		-jana	-joina
translative		-jaksi	-joiksi
abessive		-jatta	-joitta
instructive		—	-join
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jani -jani accusative nom. -jani -jani gen. -jani genitive -jani -joideni -joitteni -jaini rare partitive -jaani -joitani inessive -jassani -joissani elative -jastani -joistani illative -jaani -joihini adessive -jallani -joillani ablative -jaltani -joiltani allative -jalleni -joilleni essive -janani -joinani translative -jakseni -joikseni abessive -jattani -joittani instructive — — comitative — -joineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jasi -jasi accusative nom. -jasi -jasi gen. -jasi genitive -jasi -joidesi -joittesi -jaisi rare partitive -jaasi -joitasi inessive -jassasi -joissasi elative -jastasi -joistasi illative -jaasi -joihisi adessive -jallasi -joillasi ablative -jaltasi -joiltasi allative -jallesi -joillesi essive -janasi -joinasi translative -jaksesi -joiksesi abessive -jattasi -joittasi instructive — — comitative — -joinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -jamme -jamme accusative nom. -jamme -jamme gen. -jamme genitive -jamme -joidemme -joittemme -jaimme rare partitive -jaamme -joitamme inessive -jassamme -joissamme elative -jastamme -joistamme illative -jaamme -joihimme adessive -jallamme -joillamme ablative -jaltamme -joiltamme allative -jallemme -joillemme essive -janamme -joinamme translative -jaksemme -joiksemme abessive -jattamme -joittamme instructive — — comitative — -joinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -janne -janne accusative nom. -janne -janne gen. -janne genitive -janne -joidenne -joittenne -jainne rare partitive -jaanne -joitanne inessive -jassanne -joissanne elative -jastanne -joistanne illative -jaanne -joihinne adessive -jallanne -joillanne ablative -jaltanne -joiltanne allative -jallenne -joillenne essive -jananne -joinanne translative -jaksenne -joiksenne abessive -jattanne -joittanne instructive — — comitative — -joinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -jansa -jansa accusative nom. -jansa -jansa gen. -jansa genitive -jansa -joidensa -joittensa -jainsa rare partitive -jaansa -joitaan -joitansa inessive -jassaan -jassansa -joissaan -joissansa elative -jastaan -jastansa -joistaan -joistansa illative -jaansa -joihinsa adessive -jallaan -jallansa -joillaan -joillansa ablative -jaltaan -jaltansa -joiltaan -joiltansa allative -jalleen -jallensa -joilleen -joillensa essive -janaan -janansa -joinaan -joinansa translative -jakseen -jaksensa -joikseen -joiksensa abessive -jattaan -jattansa -joittaan -joittansa instructive — — comitative — -joineen -joinensa

Otherwise, the noun is declined as type 10 (koira).

Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		-ja	-jat
genitive		-jan	-jien
partitive		-jaa	-jia
illative		-jaan	-jiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ja	-jat
accusative	nom.	-ja	-jat
	gen.	-jan
genitive		-jan	-jien -jain rare
partitive		-jaa	-jia
inessive		-jassa	-jissa
elative		-jasta	-jista
illative		-jaan	-jiin
adessive		-jalla	-jilla
ablative		-jalta	-jilta
allative		-jalle	-jille
essive		-jana	-jina
translative		-jaksi	-jiksi
abessive		-jatta	-jitta
instructive		—	-jin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jani -jani accusative nom. -jani -jani gen. -jani genitive -jani -jieni -jaini rare partitive -jaani -jiani inessive -jassani -jissani elative -jastani -jistani illative -jaani -jiini adessive -jallani -jillani ablative -jaltani -jiltani allative -jalleni -jilleni essive -janani -jinani translative -jakseni -jikseni abessive -jattani -jittani instructive — — comitative — -jineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jasi -jasi accusative nom. -jasi -jasi gen. -jasi genitive -jasi -jiesi -jaisi rare partitive -jaasi -jiasi inessive -jassasi -jissasi elative -jastasi -jistasi illative -jaasi -jiisi adessive -jallasi -jillasi ablative -jaltasi -jiltasi allative -jallesi -jillesi essive -janasi -jinasi translative -jaksesi -jiksesi abessive -jattasi -jittasi instructive — — comitative — -jinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -jamme -jamme accusative nom. -jamme -jamme gen. -jamme genitive -jamme -jiemme -jaimme rare partitive -jaamme -jiamme inessive -jassamme -jissamme elative -jastamme -jistamme illative -jaamme -jiimme adessive -jallamme -jillamme ablative -jaltamme -jiltamme allative -jallemme -jillemme essive -janamme -jinamme translative -jaksemme -jiksemme abessive -jattamme -jittamme instructive — — comitative — -jinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -janne -janne accusative nom. -janne -janne gen. -janne genitive -janne -jienne -jainne rare partitive -jaanne -jianne inessive -jassanne -jissanne elative -jastanne -jistanne illative -jaanne -jiinne adessive -jallanne -jillanne ablative -jaltanne -jiltanne allative -jallenne -jillenne essive -jananne -jinanne translative -jaksenne -jiksenne abessive -jattanne -jittanne instructive — — comitative — -jinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -jansa -jansa accusative nom. -jansa -jansa gen. -jansa genitive -jansa -jiensa -jainsa rare partitive -jaansa -jiaan -jiansa inessive -jassaan -jassansa -jissaan -jissansa elative -jastaan -jastansa -jistaan -jistansa illative -jaansa -jiinsa adessive -jallaan -jallansa -jillaan -jillansa ablative -jaltaan -jaltansa -jiltaan -jiltansa allative -jalleen -jallensa -jilleen -jillensa essive -janaan -janansa -jinaan -jinansa translative -jakseen -jaksensa -jikseen -jiksensa abessive -jattaan -jattansa -jittaan -jittansa instructive — — comitative — -jineen -jinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ja

• -iainen
• -jain

 

See also

• -ari
• -in
• -kko
• -tar
• -uri

 

Garo

Affix

-ja

1. Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.

Gothic

Romanization

-ja

1. Romanization of -𐌾𐌰

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jɒ]
• Rhymes: -jɒ

Suffix

-ja

2. Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
   1. (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …

      ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)

   2. (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)

      Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)

   3. (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)

      a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)

   4. (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.

      Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt, e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt

   5. (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.

      Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)

   6. (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)

      Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül

      jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)

      legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.

  -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.

  • This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-ja	—
accusative	-ját	—
dative	-jának	—
instrumental	-jával	—
causal-final	-jáért	—
translative	-jává	—
terminative	-jáig	—
essive-formal	-jaként	—
essive-modal	-jául	—
inessive	-jában	—
superessive	-ján	—
adessive	-jánál	—
illative	-jába	—
sublative	-jára	—
allative	-jához	—
elative	-jából	—
delative	-járól	—
ablative	-jától	—
non-attributive possessive - singular	-jáé	—
non-attributive possessive - plural	-jáéi	—

Suffix

-ja

2. (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):
   2. in indicative mood

      ‎tud (“to know”) + ‎-ja → ‎tudja (“he/she knows”)

      Tudja, hogy mit akar. ― He/she knows what he/she wants.

      ‎tartalmaz (“to contain”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartalmazza (“it contains [that]”)

      ‎tart (“to hold, keep”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartja (“[formal] you are holding/keeping [him/her/it] or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it]”)

   4. in subjunctive (imperative) mood

      megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg! (“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”)

      ‎tartalmaz (“to contain”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartalmazza! (“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”)

      ‎tart (“to hold, keep”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartsa! (“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”)

Usage notes

• (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.

    Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

    Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings

Person		Back    vowel	Front    vowel
én	1st person singular	-jam	-jem
te	2nd person singular	-d
	long form	-jad	-jed
ő maga / ön	3rd person singular	-ja	-je
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-jétek
ők maguk / önök	3rd person plural	-ják	-jék
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
Verb ending	Assimilation rules of -j
s sz z dz	The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.)
st szt	The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd.
long vowel + t or consonant + t	The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd.
short vowel + t	Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd.

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]

Suffix

-ja (front vowel variant -jä)

1. Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er

   ‎kirjuttaa (“to write”) + ‎-ja → ‎kirjuttaja (“writer”)

Usage notes

• In the Soikkola dialect, bisyllabic verb stems followed by -ja do not get CVCVCV > CVCCVVCV gemination.

Declension

Declension of -Vja (type 3/koira, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-Vja	-Vjat
genitive	-Vjan	-Vjiin
partitive	-Vjaa	-Vjia
illative	-Vjaa	-Vjii
inessive	-Vjas	-Vjis
elative	-Vjast	-Vjist
allative	-Vjalle	-Vjille
adessive	-Vjal	-Vjil
ablative	-Vjalt	-Vjilt
translative	-Vjaks	-Vjiks
essive	-Vjanna, -Vjaan	-Vjinna, -Vjiin
exessive1)	-Vjant	-Vjint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

After the vowel -i-:

Declension of -ija (type 3/kana, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-ija	-ijat
genitive	-ijan	-ijoin
partitive	-ijaa	-ijoja
illative	-ijaa	-ijoihe
inessive	-ijaas	-ijois
elative	-ijast	-ijoist
allative	-ijalle	-ijoille
adessive	-ijaal	-ijoil
ablative	-ijalt	-ijoilt
translative	-ijaks	-ijoiks
essive	-ijanna, -ijaan	-ijoinna, -ijoin
exessive1)	-ijant	-ijoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ja

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognate with Finnish -da.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]

Suffix

-ja (front vowel variant -jä)

1. First infinitive marker.

   ‎nai- + ‎-ja → ‎naija

   ‎vee- + ‎-ja → ‎veejä

Usage notes

• Used after monosyllabic stems ending in -e- or -i-.

Maltese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ja/

Etymology 1

See the lemma.

Suffix

-ja

1. Alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j.

Etymology 2

From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).

Suffix

-ja

1. Alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ha]

Suffix

-ja

1. Alternative form of -a

References

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 134

Serbo-Croatian

Suffix

-ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.

See also

• -džija
• -edžija
• -ija

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	-ja
Brazilian standard	-ja
New Tribes	-ja

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ha]

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ja

1. forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?

Usage notes

This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ja

1. expresses complaint about the term it attaches to

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon
• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[3], Lyon