-iainen
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Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]-ja + -inen. The suffix is spelled inconsistently as either -iainen or -jainen depending on the root word.
Details
- -jainen is the original form of the suffix, while the former contains a preceding -i- (including those that derive from an underlying -e-), with the -j- not spelled as a result. In the past, a similar kind of vacillation occurred in the spelling of -ja derivatives, although they eventually settled into a spelling in which the -j- was always spelled (tulija, pro tulia). However, that development did not extend to this suffix, as its origin had by then been forgotten.
- A regular derivative of many verbs would have a long vowel, as it is part of the stem; thus, avajaiset should more correctly be *avaajaiset. The shortening may be by analogy.
- The use of the suffix in diminutive, often vulgar, nouns, such as those for insects, appears to follow the example of ampiainen, tuuliainen, but -ias may have also served as an inspiration.
Suffix
[edit]-iainen (front vowel harmony variant -iäinen, linguistic notation -iAinen)
- Forms certain nouns.
- (in the plural) Forms names of ceremonies from verbs or nouns.
- avata (“to open”) + -iainen → avajaiset (“opening”)
- haudata (“to bury”) + -iainen → hautajaiset (“funeral”)
- fuksi (“university freshman”) + -iainen → fuksiaiset (“initiation ritual event in a university”)
- Forms certain nouns, particularly vulgar nouns or names of insects.
- paska (“shit”) + -iainen → paskiainen (“bastard, asshole”)
- muta (“mud”) + -iainen → mutiainen (“dark-skinned person”)
- kuori (“crust”) + -iainen → kuoriainen (“beetle”)
- ripsi (“cilium”) + -iainen → ripsiäinen (“thrips”)
Declension
[edit]Inflection of -iainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -iainen | -iaiset | |
genitive | -iaisen | -iaisten -iaisien | |
partitive | -iaista | -iaisia | |
illative | -iaiseen | -iaisiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -iainen | -iaiset | |
accusative | nom. | -iainen | -iaiset |
gen. | -iaisen | ||
genitive | -iaisen | -iaisten -iaisien | |
partitive | -iaista | -iaisia | |
inessive | -iaisessa | -iaisissa | |
elative | -iaisesta | -iaisista | |
illative | -iaiseen | -iaisiin | |
adessive | -iaisella | -iaisilla | |
ablative | -iaiselta | -iaisilta | |
allative | -iaiselle | -iaisille | |
essive | -iaisena | -iaisina | |
translative | -iaiseksi | -iaisiksi | |
abessive | -iaisetta | -iaisitta | |
instructive | — | -iaisin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -iainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
[edit]compounds
References
[edit]- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.