-inen
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See also: inen
Finnish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *-inen.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-inen
- Creates adjectives signifying a certain quality; -like, -ous, -y.
- Creates adjectives indicating a material of which something is made; -en
- Creates adjectives from present active participles, indicating a tendency to be/do something.
- taipuva (“flexible”) + -inen → taipuvainen (“inclined, predisposed (to do something)”)
Usage notes[edit]
- This suffix is highly productive.
- All -inen nominals belong to declension class 38 (nainen). Nominals belonging to this class have special combining forms.
- The combining form used for most -inen derivatives (including basically all nouns) before other words in a compound: the final -nen is replaced with -s-:
- For -inen words where the root is of Latin or Greek origin, the -s- too is often dropped.
- nominaalinen → nominaali-
- When appended to verbs ending in -taa, -tää, the verb stem ending in -te- is used (such as kerrostaa → kerrosteinen).
- Should not be confused with the diminutive suffix -nen in the standard language. The two suffixes are however etymologically identical and hence the distinction may not be observed in some dialects.
- Colloquially and dialectally, -inen may lose its -i-. In the most common variants of colloquial Finnish, the -i- is elided if it is unstressed and immediately preceded by a vowel that is not e and is in the same syllable as -i- (i.e. part of a -Vi- diphthong).
- -hinen was originally a distinct suffix, but has become confused with -inen, and most speakers do not recognize them as separate suffixes.
Declension[edit]
| Inflection of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -ista | -isia | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| accusative | nom. | -inen | -iset |
| gen. | -isen | ||
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -ista | -isia | |
| inessive | -isessa | -isissa | |
| elative | -isesta | -isista | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| adessive | -isella | -isilla | |
| ablative | -iselta | -isilta | |
| allative | -iselle | -isille | |
| essive | -isena | -isina | |
| translative | -iseksi | -isiksi | |
| instructive | — | -isin | |
| abessive | -isetta | -isitta | |
| comitative | — | -isine | |
| Inflection of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -istä | -isiä | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| accusative | nom. | -inen | -iset |
| gen. | -isen | ||
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -istä | -isiä | |
| inessive | -isessä | -isissä | |
| elative | -isestä | -isistä | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| adessive | -isellä | -isillä | |
| ablative | -iseltä | -isiltä | |
| allative | -iselle | -isille | |
| essive | -isenä | -isinä | |
| translative | -iseksi | -isiksi | |
| instructive | — | -isin | |
| abessive | -isettä | -isittä | |
| comitative | — | -isine | |
| Possessive forms of -inen (type nainen) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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