-ed

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ed"

English

Alternative forms

• -d (now standard only after -e)
• -'d (chiefly poetry)
• -èd (chiefly poetry)

Pronunciation

• (in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
  • (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA^(key): /d/
  • (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA^(key): /t/
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
• (other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere):
  • (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/

    • Audio (Southern England):

      (file)

  • (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/

Other dialects

• (Hong Kong)
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) IPA^(key): /əd/
  • (after vowels) IPA^(key): /d/, /dəd/
  • (after other consonants) IPA^(key): /dəd/

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.

   ‎live + ‎-ed → ‎lived

   Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle.

   Jose phoned five minutes ago.

Translations

past tense

• Danish: -de, -te
• Dzongkha: ཅི (ci)
• Esperanto: -is (eo)
• Hungarian: -t/-tt/-ott/-ett/-ött
• Ido: -is (io)
• Japanese: -た (-ta)
• Korean: -았 (-at)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: -d (ku) (for most transitive verbs) -î (ku) (for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs), -t (ku) (for some basic verbs, both transitive and intransitive)

• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: -a (no), -et (no), -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -tø, -øt, -øyt

  Nynorsk: -a, -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -aut

• Nǀuu: -a
• Persian: ـده (-de), ـد (-d), ـته (-te), ـت (-t)
• Polish: -ł
• Russian: -л (ru) m (-l), -ла (ru) f (-la), -ло (ru) n (-lo), -ли (ru) pl (-li)
• Spanish: -ado (es)
• Swedish: -de (sv), -t (sv)
• Ukrainian: -в m (-v), -ла f (-la), -ло n (-lo), -ли pl (-ly)
• Vietnamese: đã (vi)

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   He has pointed at the dog.

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate).

Suffix

-ed

2. Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.

   Antonym: -less

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   ‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned

   ‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved

4. As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.

   ‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired

   ‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed

   ‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ed

abandoned

abased

abatised

abayaed

abbed

able-bodied

aborted

abscessed

absorbed

abstracted

abstricted

academicked

accepted

accomplished

accredited

accused

accustomed

acellularized

acetated

acned

acorned

acquaintanced

acquisitioned

acred

Adderalled

addled

Adidased

adjuvanted

adrenalined

adulted

advanced

aeried

aerobicized

aerofoiled

aethered

afeard

affectioned

affriended

afroed

agarized

agenized

agented

agnamed

aiguilletted

airbagged

air-conned

airfoiled

air-gapped

airproofed

aisled

akenned

albed

alcoved

alecied

aliquoted

alkalied

alleyed

alleywayed

alligatored

alloxanized

allspiced

alphabeted

altared

alveated

ambitioned

ambiverted

amexed

amnestied

amphitheatred

amuleted

amused

anchovied

aniseeded

ankled

ankleted

ankylosed

annalled

anoraked

antechambered

antennaed

anthered

antibioticked

anticolored

anticorrelated

antigenized

antimacassared

antiquated

antlered

anused

apertured

apexed

apostrophed

appalled

appearanced

appendaged

appendicled

appetited

appled

applianced

aproned

arabesqued

arabicised

arbored

arboured

arcaded

archipelagoed

architectured

architraved

archivolted

archwayed

armatured

armbanded

armchaired

armed

armied

armpitted

aromaed

arrased

arseholed

artexed

artifacted

artificed

ashamed

ashlared

aspected

aspirined

assed

assholed

astrakhaned

-ated

atmosphered

atriumed

attaindered

attainted

attituded

auraed

auricled

autocued

avenued

avowed

awned

awninged

axised

axled

Axminstered

azoted

azured

babushkaed

babyproofed

backboned

backed

backplated

backticked

baconed

baized

balaclavaed

balayaged

balconied

baldachined

baldricked

ballcapped

ball-gowned

balustraded

bandanaed

bandoliered

bangled

banjaxed

bannered

barbicaned

barbuled

barcoded

barded

barmed

barnacled

barricadoed

baseball-mitted

baseboarded

based

basemented

basined

basqued

bathrobed

bathroomed

batteried

battlemented

batwinged

beached

beanied

beaproned

bearded

beardletted

bearskinned

beautied

beavered

bebannered

beblubbered

be-bonneted

bebouldered

be-breeched

bebuttoned

Translations

having an object

• Dutch: -ig (nl), ge- -d (nl)
• Finnish: -kas (fi)
• Hungarian: -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös
• Indonesian: ber- (id)
• Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: -dar (ku), bi- (ku)

• Malay: ber- (ms)
• Persian: ـدار (-dâr)
• Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

having an object of a particular quality

• Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
• Finnish: -nen (fi)
• Hungarian: -ú/-ű/-jú/-jű
• Indonesian: ber- (id)
• Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
• Malay: ber- (ms)
• Polish: -y (pl) m, -ny (pl) m
• Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

See also

• -t
• -ing

Anagrams

• de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

Breton

Etymology

Cognate to Cornish -es.

Suffix

-ed

1. Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns

   ‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Derived terms

Breton terms suffixed with -ed

abaded

arzhed

azened

azenned

bleizezed

ebeulezed

erered

gasted

gouelaned

kaouenned

kazezed

kazhed

kazhezed

kefeleged

kelennerezed

kiezed

loened

maered

merc'hed

pauned

personed

stered

tadeged

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛd]
• Rhymes: -ɛd

Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

Suffix

-ed

2. (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)

   Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

Suffix

-ed

2. (personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.

   ‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”)

   Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

Usage notes

• (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

    Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

Etymology 3

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

Suffix

-ed

2. (fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)

   ‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)

4. (frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.

   szenved (“to suffer”)

Usage notes

• (fraction-forming suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

• (frequentative suffix) Variants:

  -d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix

  mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”)

  -od is added to back-vowel words

  tapod (“to tread on something”)

  -ad is added to back-vowel words

  -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words

  szenved (“to suffer”)

  -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words

  bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

Derived terms

Hungarian fractional numbers suffixed with -ed

ezred

heted

ketted

kilenced

negyed

tized

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ido

Etymology

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

Suffix

-ed

1. contents of, -ful.

   ‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

Derived terms

Category Ido terms suffixed with -ed not found

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ed

1. Forms the past participle of weak verbs.

Alternative forms

• -et, -it, -t

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

1. alternative form of -hede

References

• “-(e)d, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ed/

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs

   ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

1. alternative form of -od

   ‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eð/

Suffix

-ed

1. slender form of -ad

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

Suffix

-ed

1. used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs

   ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

Swedish

Suffix

-ed c

Examples
Dals Långed Hamneda Ed

1. (place-names) path between or along water

   Synonym: -eda

See also

• ed (“isthmus”)

Welsh

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.

   ‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”)

   ‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”)

   ‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Usage notes

Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

Etymology 2

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.

   Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd

   ‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”)

   ‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

Etymology 3

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form verbal nouns.

   ‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)

   ‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

Etymology 4

Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form nouns.

   ‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”)

   ‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”)

   ‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/, /ai̯d/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form plural nouns.

   Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

   ‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”)

   ‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

Usage notes

-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

   Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

Usage notes

• Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.

ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore

trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned

cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had

daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -ed

adduned

agored

anodded

boed

byrred

caleted

ceuled

colled

cylched

cymuned

chweched

diflased

donioled

eiledol

gwyched

hapused

llaered

lleied

llysferched

merched

moled

newydded

nodded

pumed

syched

teced

tristed

trwydded

twped

uned

ystyried

Further reading

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ed”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies