-ed

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ed"

English

Alternative forms

• -d (now standard only after -e)
• -'d (chiefly poetry)
• -èd (chiefly poetry)

Pronunciation

• (in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
  • (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA^(key): /d/
  • (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA^(key): /t/
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
• (other denominal adjectives):
  • (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/
  • (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.

   pointed (as in He pointed at the dog.)

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz.

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.

   pointed (as in He has pointed at the dog.)

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Compare also Latin -ātus.

Suffix

-ed

2. Used to form adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.

   pointed (as in A needle has a pointed end. - the end of a needle has a point.)

   horned (as in a horned antelope - an antelope possessing horns)

3. As an extension of the above, when used along with an adjective preceding the noun, describes something that has an object of a particular quality.

   red-haired (having red hair)

   left-handed (having a left hand as more dexterous hand)

Antonyms

• -less

Translations

having an object

• Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
• Finnish: -kas (fi)

• Malay: ber-

having an object of a particular quality

• Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
• Finnish: -nen (fi)

• Malay: ber-
• Polish: -y (pl) m, -ny m

See also

• -t
• -ing

Anagrams

• DE, De, dE, de, de-

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Breton

Etymology

Cognate to Cornish -es.

Suffix

-ed

1. Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns

   kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Derived terms

► Breton words suffixed with -ed

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛd]

Etymology 1

-e- (“linking vowel”) +‎ -d (“possessive suffix”)

Suffix

-ed

1. (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)

   kert (“garden”) → a kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -ad is added to some back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to some other back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to rounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology 2

-e- (“linking vowel”) +‎ -d (“personal suffix”)

Suffix

-ed

1. (personal suffix) Used to form the second-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood, definite conjugation).

   fest (“to paint”) → fested (“you paint something, you are painting something”)

Usage notes

• (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

    Present tense definite - personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-ják	-ik
én	1st person singular subject with 2nd person object	-lak	-lek
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-alak	-elek

Etymology 3

-e- (“linking vowel”) +‎ -d (“fraction and frequenative suffix”)

Suffix

-ed

1. (fraction suffix) Added to an cardinal number to form a fraction.

   ezer (“thousand”) → ezred (“thousandth”)

2. (frequenative suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.

   mond (“to say”)

Usage notes

• (fraction suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel

  -ad is added to some back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to some other back vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to rounded front vowel words ending in a consonant

• (frequenative suffix) Variants:

  -ad is added to back vowel words

  -ed is added to front vowel words

Derived terms

► Hungarian numerals suffixed with -ed

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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Ido

Etymology

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

Suffix

-ed

1. contents of, -ful.

   manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

Derived terms

Category Ido words suffixed with -ed not found

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Old English

Suffix

-ed

1. formed into the likeness of, made into, shaped like, having the qualities of

   æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

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Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eð/

Suffix

-ed

1. slender form of -ad

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Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) (standard) (colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales) (colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

Suffix

-ed

1. Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.

Usage notes

Causes final b, d and g to become p, t and c, respectively. For instance, teg becomes teced.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.

Coordinate terms

• -fed
• -ydd
• -edd

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form verbal nouns.

Derived terms

► Welsh words suffixed with -ed