-de
Afrikaans
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
- Hyphenation: -de
Suffix
[edit]-de (attributive -de, not comparable)
- forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers; -st, -th, -nd
Usage notes
[edit]The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with -ste, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for example honderd-en-tweede (“hundred and second”), honderd-en-vyfde (“hundred and fifth”), but honderd-en-agtste (“hundred and eighth”).
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de).
Derived terms
[edit]Ahtna
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare Navajo -di, Hupa -ding, both serving multiplicative suffixes.
Suffix
[edit]-de
- forms adverbs from numerals with a meaning of "a certain number of times" or "(in) a certain number of places;" equivalent to English -ce in once, twice, thrice
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 151
Dutch
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Compare English -th in fourth and German -te in zweite.
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de (adjective-forming suffix, not comparable)
- forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers
Usage notes
[edit]The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except eerste and achtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with -ste.
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de). The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2de, 9de), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]
Declension
[edit]| Declension of -de | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uninflected | -de | |||
| inflected | -de | |||
| comparative | — | |||
| positive | ||||
| predicative/adverbial | -de | |||
| indefinite | m./f. sing. | -de | ||
| n. sing. | -de | |||
| plural | -de | |||
| definite | -de | |||
| partitive | — | |||
Etymology 2
[edit]Cognate with English -ed; derives from a Germanic verb form of to do.
Alternative forms
[edit]- -te (after voiceless consonants)
Suffix
[edit]-de
Etymology 3
[edit]From Middle Dutch -dī, from a contraction of the þ in Proto-Germanic *-aiþ (second person plural ending) and *jīz (“you (plural)”),[2] somewhat comparable to Icelandic þér. Sometimes incorrectly seen as a remnant of Middle Dutch du (“you”).
Alternative forms
[edit]- -te (after voiceless consonants)
Suffix
[edit]-de(Belgium, Brabant, colloquial)
- indicates second person in inversion, substituting or supplementing gij; you
- Gade vandaag naar huis? ― Do you go home today?
References
[edit]- ^ beheerder (12 May 2021), “1°, 2°, 3° / 1ᵉ, 2ᵉ, 3ᵉ / 1ste, 2de, 3de / 1e, 2e, 3e”, in Taaladvies.net[1] (in Dutch), taal:unie, archived from the original on 29 March 2023
- ^ “Hedde gij”, in Taal aan de wandel[2] (in Dutch), 13 February 2021, archived from the original on 18 January 2026
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet -te (from Low German). Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- (rare, not productive) forms abstract nouns from adjectives
Derived terms
[edit]Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
Usage notes
[edit]- (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -de | -dék |
| accusative | -dét | -déket |
| dative | -dének | -déknek |
| instrumental | -dével | -dékkel |
| causal-final | -déért | -dékért |
| translative | -dévé | -dékké |
| terminative | -déig | -dékig |
| essive-formal | -deként | -dékként |
| essive-modal | -déül | -dékül |
| inessive | -dében | -dékben |
| superessive | -dén | -déken |
| adessive | -dénél | -déknél |
| illative | -débe | -dékbe |
| sublative | -dére | -dékre |
| allative | -déhez | -dékhez |
| elative | -déből | -dékből |
| delative | -déről | -dékről |
| ablative | -détől | -déktől |
| non-attributive possessive – singular |
-déé | -déké |
| non-attributive possessive – plural |
-dééi | -dékéi |
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person sing. | -dém | -déim |
| 2nd person sing. | -déd | -déid |
| 3rd person sing. | -déje | -déi |
| 1st person plural | -dénk | -déink |
| 2nd person plural | -détek | -déitek |
| 3rd person plural | -déjük | -déik |
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Latin
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [dɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [de]
- Hyphenation: -de
Verb
[edit]-de
Low German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Low German -ede, from Old Saxon -itha, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de f (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to an adjective, making a feminine noun referring to the size of the quality referred to by the adjective, cognate to
- appended to the stem of a verb, yields a feminine noun which refers to the object of such a verb
Usage notes
[edit]The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, Süükde is more often found as Süük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. Hööchde can be found as Hööchd and Leevde as Leevd, with loss of the final -e. Though this process exists, the forms in -de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: Süükde → Süük, Stillde → Still, Mengde → Meng, Stärkde → both Stärkde and Stärkd. Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are Grött (“size”) and Hitt (“heat”).
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Lower Tanana
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *-dən. Compare Ahtna -de, Navajo -di.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- forms adverbs from numerals indicating a number of times
- at a specific place or time
- when, where, whenever, at that time
Derived terms
[edit]- degu/degw (“here, around here”)
- denh (“meeting”)
- de'ogw (“at times”)
- niɬdegwti (“here and there, in some places”)
- yegedenh (“taking turns”)
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN
Middle English
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)
Murui Huitoto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognates include Minica Huitoto -de and Nüpode Huitoto -de.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- used to derive verbs from roots
Conjugation
[edit]| Nonfuture indicative | Future indicative | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | ||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||
| 1st sg | -dɨkue | -ñedɨkue | 1st sg | -itɨkue | -ñeitɨkue | ||||
| 2nd sg | -do | -ñedo | 2nd sg | -ito | -ñeito | ||||
| 3rd sg anim1) | -dɨmɨe | -dɨñaiño | -ñedɨmɨe | -ñedɨñaiño | 3rd sg anim1) | -itɨmɨe | -itɨñaiño | -ñeitɨmɨe | -ñeitɨñaiño |
| 1st du | -dɨkoko | -dɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñedɨkoko | -ñedɨkaɨñaɨ | 1st du | -itɨkoko | -itɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñeitɨkoko | -ñeitɨkaɨñaɨ |
| 2nd du | -domɨko | -domɨñoɨ | -ñedomɨko | -ñedomɨñoɨ | 2nd du | -itomɨko | -itomɨñoɨ | -ñeitomɨko | -ñeitomɨñoɨ |
| 3rd du anim1) | -daɨmaiaɨ | -daɨñuaɨ | -ñedaɨmaiaɨ | -ñedaɨñuaɨ | 3rd du anim1) | -itaɨmaiaɨ | -itaɨñuaɨ | -ñeitaɨmaiaɨ | -ñeitaɨñuaɨ |
| 1st pl | -dɨkaɨ | -ñedɨkaɨ | 1st pl | -itɨkaɨ | -ñeitɨkaɨ | ||||
| 2nd pl | -domoɨ | -ñedomoɨ | 2nd pl | -itomoɨ | -ñeitomoɨ | ||||
| 3rd pl anim1) | -dɨmakɨ | -ñedɨmakɨ | 3rd pl anim1) | -itɨmakɨ | -ñeitɨmakɨ | ||||
| 3rd neut | -de | -ñede | 3rd neut | -ite | -ñeite | ||||
| Imperative | Apprehensive | Future event | Passive | Negative passive | Overlap | ||||
| simple | immediate | prohibitive | nonfuture | future | nonfuture | future | |||
| -! -no! |
-nokai! | -ñeno! | -iza! | -ye | -ga | -yɨ | -ñega | -ñeyɨ | -kana |
| Conditional | |||||||||
| real | hypothetical | immediate | negative | ||||||
| -ia | -na | -kaina | -ñenia | ||||||
1) The animate 3rd person inflections are only used when the animacy of the subject needs to be emphasised. Otherwise, the neutral 3rd singular is used.
*) Same-time forms may be formed from any indicative form by adding the ending -mo directly to the inflected form.
**) The evidentiality markers -dɨ, -za and -ta may be added to any indicative form.
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017), A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[3], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 103
Old English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative of some class I and class III weak verbs
See also
[edit]Old Irish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Celtic *-adyos, cognate with Middle Welsh -eid.[1]
Suffix
[edit]-de
- used to form adjectives from nouns, denoting quality, kind, origin, or material
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 347; reprinted 2017
Swedish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- creates the past tense of weak verbs in the first conjugation
Usage notes
[edit]Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:
- Jag simma' 25 meter! ― I swam 25 meters!
See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Turkish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ottoman Turkish ـدا (-de, “locative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-te (“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of *-ta. Cognate with Karakhanid ـدا (-dē, “locative suffix”), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰀 (t²a /-te/, “locative suffix”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- used to form locative of nouns
- indicates time; at
- beşte ― at five o'clock
- kapanış saatinde ― at closing time
- when
- Yoğun bakımda kendine geldiğinde ilk sözü "Ne zaman aşı yaptırabilirim" oldu.
- First thing he said when he regained consciousness in the intensive care was "when can I get vaccinated".
- over
Usage notes
[edit]- This version is used when the noun's final vowel is a front vowel (Ee, İi, Öö, or Üü).
- In cases where a noun's final vowel is a back vowel (Aa, Iı, Oo, or Uu) and doesn't end with a clear l sound, it takes the form “-da”.
- It takes the form of “-te” when the noun’s final consonant is devoiced.
- An apostrophe is mandatory when forming the locative of a proper noun.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Wutunhua
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-de
- -'s, of (but with the order switched); attached to nouns to mark the genitive case
- nga-n-de hua ― our speech
- gu da gejhai-de niren-ha gga-la-di mi-li.
- He doesn't like his girlfriend anymore.
- ngu reben-de ren-ha qong-je-lio.
- I met a person from Japan.
- that, who; attached to nouns, adjectives, verbs, or phrases to mark them as attributive
- jjekzhen je-ge-li zui xho-de ti
- the best place in this world; the place which is best in this world
- -ing; attached to verbals to form a noun phrase or nominal expression
- gu qhi-di-de-ge ngu sawo jedo-gu-lio.
- I know that he went away.
- (literally, “[As for] his going, I know it.”)
- -er; attached to verbs to form agent nouns
- lu wanlan-de ― construction worker (literally, “road-maker”)
- xai-de ― writing tool (literally, “writer”)
- en lhazzo-de bbakzzo-de en da rek mezzhawo jhi-ge yek-li.
- [There are] thangka painters and mask painters; there are different kinds of professionals.
- attached for emphasis
- a a da mazang-de. ― Oh, oh, that is very bad!
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-de
- so much that (attached to the main verb)
- gu ni ddo-di-de gu-dera qe-di mi-li.
- S/he thinks about you so much that it is impossible for him/her to eat any of those.
- attached to the main verb to indicate that the subsequent verb or adjective is used as an adverb of the main verb
- gu xai-de xaige xho-li. ― S/he writes very well.
References
[edit]Ye'kwana
[edit]| ALIV | -de |
|---|---|
| Brazilian standard | -de |
| New Tribes | -de |
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-de
- intensifier that attaches to adverbs, used especially in contexts of surprise
- used in certain contexts to soften speech or make it more polite
Usage notes
[edit]This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-de
Usage notes
[edit]This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.
References
[edit]- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “⸗de, ⸗:de”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[5], Lyon, pages 162, 222
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Dutch
- Afrikaans terms derived from Dutch
- Afrikaans lemmas
- Afrikaans adjectives
- Afrikaans adjective-forming suffixes
- Ahtna lemmas
- Ahtna suffixes
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Dutch/ə
- Rhymes:Dutch/ə/1 syllable
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Dutch adjective-forming suffixes
- Dutch inflectional suffixes
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Belgian Dutch
- Brabantian Dutch
- Dutch colloquialisms
- Dutch terms with usage examples
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:German/ə
- Rhymes:German/ə/1 syllable
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- German terms with rare senses
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/dɛ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/dɛ/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- Hungarian noun-forming suffixes
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin verb forms
- Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German
- Low German terms derived from Middle Low German
- Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
- Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Low German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Low German/ə
- Rhymes:Low German/ə/1 syllable
- Low German lemmas
- Low German suffixes
- Low German noun-forming suffixes
- Low German feminine suffixes
- Lower Tanana terms inherited from Proto-Athabaskan
- Lower Tanana terms derived from Proto-Athabaskan
- Lower Tanana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Lower Tanana/ə
- Rhymes:Lower Tanana/ə/1 syllable
- Lower Tanana lemmas
- Lower Tanana suffixes
- Lower Tanana terms with collocations
- Middle English alternative forms
- Murui Huitoto terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Murui Huitoto/ɛ
- Rhymes:Murui Huitoto/ɛ/1 syllable
- Murui Huitoto lemmas
- Murui Huitoto suffixes
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Old English/e
- Rhymes:Old English/e/1 syllable
- Old English lemmas
- Old English suffixes
- Old English inflectional suffixes
- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish adjectives
- Old Irish adjective-forming suffixes
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish suffixes
- Swedish terms with usage examples
- Swedish inflectional suffixes
- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Turkish/e
- Rhymes:Turkish/e/1 syllable
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish suffixes
- Turkish inflectional suffixes
- Turkish terms with collocations
- Turkish terms with usage examples
- Wutunhua terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Wutunhua/ə
- Rhymes:Wutunhua/ə/1 syllable
- Wutunhua terms derived from Mandarin
- Wutunhua lemmas
- Wutunhua suffixes
- Wutunhua terms with collocations
- Wutunhua terms with usage examples
- Ye'kwana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Ye'kwana/e
- Rhymes:Ye'kwana/e/1 syllable
- Ye'kwana lemmas
- Ye'kwana suffixes