do

See also: Appendix:Variations of "do"

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English

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English

Etymology 1

From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”).

For senses 4 and 5, compare Old Norse duga, whence Danish du.

The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, an unexpected development from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē (the expected reflex would be *ded), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-.

The meaningless use of do in interrogative, negative, and affirmative sentences (e.g. "Do you like painting?" "Yes, I do"), existing in some form in most Germanic languages, is thought by some linguists to be one of the Brittonicisms in English, calqued from Brythonic. It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked the perfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to be imperfective. In Early Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negations.

Doublets include deed, deem, and -dom, but not deal.

Other cognates include, via Latin, English feast, festival, fair (“celebration”), via Greek, English theo-, theme, thesis, and Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti, “to put”), धातृ (dhātṛ, “creator”) and धातु (dhātu, “layer, element, root”).

Pronunciation

• (MLE) IPA^(key): /dy/
• (stressed) IPA^(key): /duː/
  • Rhymes: -uː
  • Homophones: doo, Doubs, doux, (yod-dropping) dew, due

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

  • Audio (General Australian); /dʉː/:

    (file)

• (unstressed, before a consonant) IPA^(key): /də/

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

• (unstressed, before a vowel) IPA^(key): /dʊ/
• (colloquial; for some speakers, when "do" is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒ/. See d'you.

Verb

do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done)

2. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker.
   1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.

      Do you go there often?

      You seldom work on Saturdays, do you?

   2. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods.

      I do not go there often.

      Do not listen to him.

      • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 51:

        “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   3. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods.

      But I do go sometimes.

      Do tell us.

      Boy, did I make a mistake!

      That's not true: I always do say please and thank-you.

      So who did marry the Princess in the end?

      • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

        “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but I do know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. […] ”

      • 1950, C. S. Lewis, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe:

        "Do stop it," said Susan; "it won't make things any better having a row between you two. Let's go and find Lucy."

   4. (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; in most dialects, not used with auxiliaries such as be, though it can be in AAVE.

      I play tennis; she does too.

      Likes her capuccino, Mary does.

      Your remarks piqued my curiosity, as it did my mom's too.

      They don't think it be like it is, but it do. (nonstandard)

      • 1930, George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Embraceable You:

        Don't be a naughty baby, / Come to papa, come to papa, do! / My sweet embraceable you.

   5. (auxiliary, archaic, dialectal) Used to form the present progressive of verbs.
      • 1844, William Barnes, “Evenén in the Village”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:

        ...An' the dogs do bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the water do roar at mill.

4. (transitive) To perform; to execute.

   Synonyms: accomplish, carry out, functionate

   If you want something done, do it yourself.

   All you ever do is surf the Internet. What will you do this afternoon?

   • 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:

     The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing", […] and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.

5. (obsolete, transitive) To cause or make (someone) (do something).
   • 1490, William Caxton, “Prologue”, in Eneydos (in Middle English); republished as Caxton's Eneydos, London: Early English Text Society, 1890, page 2:

     And also my lorde abbot of westmynster ded do shewe to me late, certayn euydences wryton in olde englysshe […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 7, page 258:

     Sometimes to do him laugh, ſhe would aſſay / To laugh at ſhaking off the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke […]

   • 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC:

     Emongſt the reſt a wicked maladie / Raign’d emongſt men, that manie did to die, […]

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 8:1, column 1:

     MOreouer, brethren, wee do you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God beſtowed on the Churches of Macedonia, […]

7. (intransitive, transitive) To suffice.

   it’s not the best broom, but it will have to do;  this will do me, thanks.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 51:

     “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   • 1922, Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit:

     "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'll do to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.

8. (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable.

   It simply will not do to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.

9. (ditransitive) To have (as an effect).

   The fresh air did him some good.

10. (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly).

    Our relationship isn't doing very well;  how do you do?

    • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

      Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

    1. (especially England, intransitive) To fare well; to thrive; to prosper; (of livestock) to fatten.
       • 1908 September 21, “The fattening beast”, in Mark Lane Express Agricultural Journal‎^[2], page 340:

         A big framed beast takes a lot of food — expensive food at that [—] to keep it doing […]

       • 1971, George Ewart Evans, quoting ploughman Charles Last (born 1878), Tools of Their Trades: An Oral History of Men at Work c. 1900‎^[3], Taplinger Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 68:

         That farm would go like a rick a-fire. It would do: it would go forward and prosper and make him his money.

11. (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.

    What does Bob do? — He's a plumber.

12. (transitive) To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something).

    Don't forget to do your report!

13. (transitive) To cook.

    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:cook

    I'll just do some eggs.

    • 1889, Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat […] ‎^[4]:

      It seemed, from his account, that he was very good at doing scrambled eggs.

    • 1944, “News from the Suburbs”, in Punch‎^[5]:

      We went down below, and the galley-slave did some ham and eggs, and the first lieutenant, who was aged 19, told me about Sicily, and time went like a flash.

    • 2005, Alan Tansley, The Grease Monkey, page 99:

      Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice, did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.

14. (transitive) To travel in, to tour, to make a circuit of.

    Let’s do New York also.

    • 1869, Louisa M[ay] Alcott, “Our Foreign Correspondent”, in Little Women: […], part second, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, →OCLC, page 115:

      We 'did' London to our hearts' content,—thanks to Fred and Frank,—and were sorry to go away; […]

    • 1892, James Batchelder, Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder‎^[6], page 97:

      After doing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London […]

    • 1968 July 22, Ralph Schoenstein, “Nice Place to Visit”, in New York Magazine‎^[7], page 28:

      No tourist can get credit for seeing America first without doing New York, the Wonderful Town, the Baghdad-on-Hudson, the dream in the eye of the Kansas hooker […]

15. (transitive) To treat in a certain way.
    • 1894, Harper's New Monthly Magazine‎^[8], volume 87, page 59, column 1:

      They did me well, I assure you—uncommon well: Bollinger of '84; green chartreuse fit for a prince; […]

    • 1928, Dorothy L[eigh] Sayers, “The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers”, in Lord Peter Views the Body:

      Upon my word, although he [my host] certainly did me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.

    • 1994, Jervey Tervalon, Understand This‎^[9], →ISBN, page 50:

      "Why you gonna do me like that?" I ask. "Do what?" "Dog me."

    • 2023, “Christmas, Why You Gotta Do Me Like This”, performed by Eels:

      Christmas, why you gotta do me like this / I always embraced you / Held you close inside my heart

16. (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
    • 2018, Kate Atkinson, Transcription, →ISBN, page 291:

      The woman-who-did did not do very well, Juliet thought.

17. (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Kings 17:34, column 2:

      Vnto this day they doe after the former manners: they feare not the Lord, neither doe they after their Statutes, or after their Ordinances, or after the Law and Commaundement which the Lord commaunded the children of Iacob, whom hee named Iſrael, […]

18. (transitive) To spend (time) in jail. (See also do time)

    Synonym: serve

    I did five years for armed robbery.

19. (transitive) To impersonate or depict.

    Synonyms: imitate, personate, take off

    They really laughed when he did Clinton, with a perfect accent and a leer.

20. (transitive, with 'a' and the name of a person, place, event, etc.) To copy or emulate the actions or behaviour that is associated with the person or thing mentioned.

    He did a Henry VIII and got married six times.

    He was planning to do a 9/11.

21. (transitive, slang) To kill.

    Synonyms: do in, murder, off, rub out; see also Thesaurus:kill

    • 1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 22:

      Case pulled the .22 out of his pocket and levelled it at Wage's crotch. “I hear you wanna do me.”

    • 2003 August 17, George Pelecanos, “Bad Dreams” (43:27 from the start), in The Wire, season 2, episode 11 (television production), spoken by Omar Little (Michael K. Williams), via HBO:

      About a year ago, a boy name Brandon got got here in Baltimore. Stuck and burned before he passed. […] Wasn't no need for y'all to do him the way y'all did.

    • 2004, Patrick Stevens, Politics Is the Greatest Game: A Johannesburg Liberal Lampoon‎^[10], →ISBN, page 314:

      He's gonna do me, Jarvis. I kid you not, this time he's gonna do me proper.

    • 2007, E.J. Churchill, The Lazarus Code, page 153:

      The order came and I did him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.

22. (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for.
    • 1870, Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place:

      Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull, […] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they call doing him.

23. (transitive, informal) To punish for a misdemeanor.

    He got done for speeding.

    Teacher'll do you for that!

24. (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it)

    Synonyms: go to bed with, sleep with; see also Thesaurus:copulate with

    • c. 1588–1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedie of Titus Andronicus: […] (First Quarto), London: […] Iohn Danter, and are to be sold by Edward White & Thomas Millington, […], published 1594, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], signatures G2, verso – G3, recto:

      Deme[trius]. Villaine vvhat haſt thou done? / A[aron]. That vvhich thou canſt not vndoe. / Chiron. Thou haſt vndone our mother. / Aron. Villaine I haue done thy mother.

    • 1996, James Russell Kincaid, My Secret Life, page 81:

      […] one day I did her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.

    • 2008, Donna Hill, On the Line‎^[11], page 84:

      The uninhibited woman within wanted to do him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.

25. (transitive) To cheat or swindle.

    Synonyms: defraud, diddle, mug off, rip off, scam; see also Thesaurus:deceive

    That guy just did me out of two hundred bucks!

    • 1852, Thomas De Quincey, Sir William Hamilton:

      He was not to be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.

26. (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate.

    the novel has just been done into English;  I'm going to do this play into a movie

27. (transitive, intransitive) To finish.
28. (stock exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note.
29. (informal, transitive, ditransitive) To make or provide.

    Synonyms: furnish, give, supply; see also Thesaurus:give

    Do they do haircuts there?

    Could you do me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?

30. (informal, transitive) To injure (one's own body part).
    • 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, in The Irish Times‎^[12], retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he's done his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."

    • 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, in ESPNcricinfo‎^[13], retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, and do a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."

    • 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, in AFL.com.au‎^[14], retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "'I knew straight away I'd done my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."

31. (transitive) To take (a drug).

    I do cocaine.

32. (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.

    What's that car doing in our swimming pool?

33. (informal, transitive) To drive a vehicle at a certain speed, especially in regard to a speed limit.

    He was doing 50 [miles per hour] in a school zone.

Usage notes

• In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, this verb possessed second-person singular present indicative forms dost and doest, and a second-person singular past indicative form didst.
• Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, this verb possessed third-person singular present indicative forms doth and doeth.
• There was a tendency to use the shorter forms dost and doth as auxiliaries, and doest and doeth elsewhere.

Conjugation

Conjugation of do

infinitive	(to) do
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	do	did
2nd-person singular	do, doest†, dost†	did, didst†
3rd-person singular	does, doeth†, doth†	did
plural	do
subjunctive	do	did
imperative	do	—
participles	doing	done

^† Archaic or obsolete.

Antonyms

• don't

Derived terms

• a man's gotta do what a man's gotta do
• are you doing anything tomorrow
• as you do
• bedo
• can-do
• can do this all day
• can do with
• can't do right for doing wrong
• could do with
• cute girls doing cute things
• doability
• do a bit of stiff
• doable
• do a Bradbury
• do a bunk
• do-acracy
• do a land-office business
• do-all
• do a lot of work
• do a Melba
• do a never
• do a number on
• do a perish
• do a power of good
• do a Reggie Perrin
• do a runner
• do as I say and not as I do
• do a slow burn
• do away with
• do-badder
• do battle
• do bears shit in the woods
• do bird
• do bits
• do business
• do by
• do by half-measures
• do by halves
• do cartwheels
• do cheetah flips
• do credit
• do down
• do drugs
• doer
• do exactly what it says on the tin
• doff
• do for
• do-funny
• do good
• do-gooder
• do-gooderism
• do-goodery
• dogoodery
• do-gooding
• do-goodism
• do gooseberry
• do ill
• do in
• do-insertion
• do it
• do it brown
• do-it-herselfer
• do it to it
• do it tough
• do it up
• do it up brown
• do-it-yourself
• do it yourself
• do-it-yourselfer
• do-it-yourself-ism
• do-it-yourselfism
• do-it-yourselfness
• do-it-yourself-ness
• do justice
• do-little
• do lunch
• do me a favour
• do me a lemon
• do more harm than good
• do-naught
• done
• do no harm
• do not disturb
• do not enter
• do-nothing
• do nothing
• do-nothingism
• do-nothingness
• do not want
• don't do anything I wouldn't do
• don't mind if I do
• do numbers
• do-ocracy
• do-ocratic
• do-ocratically
• do of
• do off
• do one's best
• do one's bit
• do one's block
• do one's business
• do one's damnedest
• do one's darnedest
• do one's duty
• do one's ease
• do one's easement
• do oneself a mischief
• do one's homework
• do one's job
• do one's nut
• do one's own thing
• do one's own time
• do one's part
• do one's stuff
• do one's sums
• do one's thing
• do one's utmost
• do one's worst
• do or die
• do-or-die
• do out
• do out of
• do over
• do-over
• do porridge
• do right by
• do somebody wrong
• do someone a frighten
• do someone brown
• do someone dirt
• do someone dirty
• do someone like that
• do someone one better
• do someone proud
• do someone's bidding
• do someone's business
• do someone's dags
• do someone's head in
• do someone's heart good
• do-support
• do tell
• do the dash
• do the decent thing
• do the deed
• do the dirty on
• do the dishes
• do the Dutch
• do the handsome thing
• do the hard yards
• do the honor
• do the honors
• do the honour
• do the honours
• do the impossible
• do the job
• do the laundry
• do the math
• do the nasties
• do the nasty
• do the needful
• do the power of good
• do the right thing
• do the rounds
• do the talking
• do the trick
• do the washing-up
• do time
• do to death
• do unto others
• do unto others as you would have them do unto you
• do up
• dout
• do violence to
• do want
• do well
• do well by doing good
• do well for oneself
• do what
• do what it says on the tin
• do-while loop
• do with
• do with mirrors
• do without
• do wonders
• do you
• dup
• ease of doing business index
• fordo
• fulldo
• gods may do what cattle may not
• honey do list
• honey-do list
• how are you doing
• how do
• how do ye do
• how do you do
• how do you sleep at night
• howdy-do
• how-d'ye-do
• I do
• I do declare
• I do not know it
• if I do say so myself
• if it's the last thing I do
• ill-doing
• know what one is doing
• let George do it
• make do
• make-do
• make do and mend
• make it do or do without
• misdo
• much good may it do someone
• ne'er-do-well
• never put off until tomorrow what you can do today
• no can do
• non-doing
• not do someone any favors
• not do someone any favours
• nothing doing
• not want to do that
• one could do it in one's sleep
• one's gotta do what one's gotta do
• one's got to do what one's got to do
• outdo
• overdo
• redo
• send a boy to do a man's job
• some mothers do have them
• sudo
• that'll do
• that'll do it to you
• that will do
• the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing
• the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must
• they'll do it every time
• those who say it cannot be done should not interrupt those doing it
• till death do us part
• till death us do part
• to-do list
• to do with
• to what do I owe the pleasure
• underdo
• undo
• up-do
• updo
• well-to-do
• what are you doing
• what can I do you for
• what can you do
• what does that have to do with the price of corn
• what does that have to do with the price of fish
• what does that have to do with the price of tea in China
• what do I care
• what do I know
• what-do-you-call-it
• what do you make the time
• what it do
• what's done cannot be undone
• what should I do
• what time do you make it
• what would Jesus do
• who are you and what have you done with someone
• will do
• wrongdo
• you do you
• you get more with a kind word and a gun than you do with a kind word alone
• you're damned if you do and you're damned if you don't

Translations

See do/translations § Verb.

See also

• Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take

Noun

do (plural dos or do's or (uncommon) doos)

1. (UK, informal) A party, celebration, social function; usually of moderate size and formality.

   Synonyms: get-together; see also Thesaurus:party

   We’re having a bit of a do on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.

   • 1980, Jona Lewie, Keef Trouble, “You'll Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties”, performed by Jona Lewie:

     She was into French cuisine but I ain't no Cordon Bleu / This was at some do in Palmers Green, I had no luck with her

   • 1980 December 13, Mitzel, “Dale Barbre's Murder Transformed”, in Gay Community News, volume 8, number 21, page 13:

     A gross-gutted, bulb-nosed, bourbon-stanky Boston flatfoot in plain clothes wrinkled white sox, with a race track tip-sheet stuffed in his back pocket trying real hard to mingle unnoticed at an elegant Buddies "do" to glean inside-dope.

   • 2013 September 13, Russell Brand, “Russell Brand and the GQ awards”, in The Guardian‎^[15]:

     […] ; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a posh do, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.

3. (informal) Clipping of hairdo.

   Alternative form: 'do

   Nice do!

   I don't like to spend time on my hairstyle, so I usually just wear a do-rag.

   • 2012, Hannah Richell, The Secrets of the Tides, →ISBN, page 464:

     I like the new do.

4. (chiefly fossilized) Something that can or should be done.

   Antonym: don't

   Don’t forget the dos and don’ts.

   • 1916, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter VIII, in Just David‎^[16]:

     With the coming of Monday arrived a new life for David—a curious life full of "don'ts" and "dos."

5. (chiefly obsolete, fossilized in the UK) Something that has been done.

   "How come you quit?" "I'm moving to London." "Fair dos."

6. (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument.

   Synonym: to-do

   • 1689, John Selden, Table Talk:

     A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.

7. (obsolete, UK, slang) A cheat; a swindler.
8. (obsolete, UK, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception.
9. (UK, slang) A homicide.
   • 2020 December 4, “No fibs” (1:34 from the start), in (Zone 2) Karma × Trizzac (lyrics), Demented:

     Get it done, no not properly
     Them man thought that they got me
     True, I came back like a fucking zombie
     Attempted do with the ching
     Have an opp boy say “please don’t chong me!”

Usage notes

• For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect.

Derived terms

• dos and don'ts
• hag do
• hen do
• stag do
• sten do

Translations

See do/translations § Noun.

Etymology 2

Coined by Italian musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni in 1635 as an easier-to-sing open-syllable revision to the solmization ut of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable of Latin Dominus (“The Lord”) (speculated by some to be an ulterior abbreviation of Giovanni Battista Doni) on the pattern of other Latinate solfège with the stated justification that God is the tonic and root of the world.

Alternative forms

• doh, Do

Pronunciation

• (UK) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /dəʊ/
• (US) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /doʊ/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -əʊ
• Homophones: doe, dough, d'oh

Noun

do (plural dos)

2. (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale.

   Synonym: (archaic) ut

Translations

See do/translations § Noun.

See also

names for musical notes

• fa
• la
• mi
• re
• so
• ti

Etymology 3

Short for ditto.

Alternative forms

• do.

Adverb

do (not comparable)

1. (archaic) Abbreviation of ditto.
   • [1849], “Contents”, in J[oseph] P[hilip] Robson, editor, Songs of the Bards of the Tyne; or, A Choice Selection of Original Songs Chiefly in the Newcastle Dialect. […], Newcastle upon Tyne: […] P. France & Co., […], →OCLC, page 14:

     Softest flowers, .. J. P. Robson, 335 / Stars of Hartlepool, .. do 356

   • 1862 October 23, “The O'Connell National Statue”, in The Freeman's Journal‎^[17], Dublin, page 2:

     Michael Higgins, 51, Back lane / John Mulligan, 53, do

Etymology 4

Shortening of dozen.

Pronunciation

• (UK) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /dəʊ/
• (US) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /doʊ/

Numeral

do

1. The cardinal number occurring after el and before do one in a duodecimal system. Written 10, decimal value 12.

See also

• gro, mo

See also

etymologically unrelated terms

• do loop
• do svidaniya
• do svidanya
• whoop de do
• whoop-de-do
• whoop-dee-do
• whoopee do
• whoopee-do
• whoopy-do
• whoopy do
• woopty-do
• woopy do

References

• “do”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

Anagrams

• O.D., OD, O&D, od, Od, O/D

Albanian

Pronunciation

• (Tosk) IPA^(key): /do/, [do], [dɔ]
• (Gheg) IPA^(key): [dɜ]

Verb

do

1. second/third-person singular present indicative of dua; “you want/love”, “he/she/it wants/loves”

Alternative forms

• don — Gheg

Pronoun

do

1. (Gheg) some

   Synonyms: disa, ca

Atong (India)

Etymology

From Hindi दो (do).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

Numeral

do (Bengali script দো)

1. two

Synonyms

• ni
• rongni
• tu

References

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 3.

Bambara

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dòꜜò]

Noun

do

1. group

References

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Barai

Noun

do

1. water

References

• The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN)

Bavarian

Etymology

From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognates include German doch, Dutch doch, Yiddish דאָך (dokh), Luxembourgish dach, English though, Old Norse þó, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̥oː/

Adverb

do

1. Expresses a contrast
   1. Contradicts what may be believed and/or emphasises a certainty: certainly, but, really, just (always unstressed)

      Mia san do kane Trottln. ― We certainly are no idiots.

      Des Gschäft håd do zugsperrt. ― But the shop has closed down.

      Den kenn i do! ― I do know him.

      I wui do nur wissa, wo's då auße geht. ― I really just want to know where the exit is.

   2. Emphasis on a different outcome than expected: after all, in the end (always stressed)

      Mia san do kane Trottln. ― We are no idiots after all.

      Des Gschäft håd do zugsperrt. ― The shop has closed down after all.

      I håb's versuacht, owa dånn do ned gschåfft. ― I've tried, but in the end I failed.

Boko

Numeral

do

1. one

Catalan

Etymology 1

From Latin dōnum (“gift”).

Pronunciation

• (traditional) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdo]
• (more commonly) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdɔ]

Noun

do m (plural dons)

1. gift
2. talent

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• (originally, Italianate) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdɔ]
• (more commonly) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdo]

Noun

do m (plural dos)

1. (music) do (first note of diatonic scale)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdo]

Verb

do

1. (obsolete) first-person singular present indicative of dar

Central Franconian

Etymology 1

From Old High German dār (“there”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔː/

Adverb

do

1. here; there; in this or that place

Etymology 2

From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen.

Alternative forms

• du, dunn (southern Moselle Francoinan)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/ (traditional)
• IPA^(key): /dɔː/ (now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence)

Adverb

do

1. (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past)

Etymology 3

From Old High German du.

Alternative forms

• du (many dialects)
• dou (some dialects of Moselle Franconian)
• de (unstressed form)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

Pronoun

do

1. (few dialects, including Kölsch) thou; you (singular)

Chinese

Etymology

From English do. Resemblance to Taishanese 做 (du¹, “to do”) is probably coincidence.

Pronunciation

• Cantonese (Jyutping): du¹

---

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: du¹
    • Yale: dū
    • Cantonese Pinyin: du¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: du¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuː⁵⁵/

Verb

do (Hong Kong Cantonese)

1. to do
2. to work
3. (euphemistic) to have sex

Synonyms

• 做 (zou⁶)

Derived terms

• do嘢
• 識do / 识do

References

• Bolton, Kingsley, Hutton, Christopher (2005) A Dictionary of Cantonese Slang: The Language of Hong Kong Movies, Street Gangs and City Life, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 100
• English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech do, from Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdo]

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. into, in (to the inside of)

   Vešel do místnosti. ― He walked into the room.

   Dostala se jí voda do bot. ― Water got in her boots.

2. to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)

   Jdeme do obchodu. ― We are walking to the shop.

   Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. ― We arrived in New York.

3. until (up to the time of)

   Zůstal tam až do neděle. ― He stayed there until Sunday.

4. by (at some time before the given time)

   Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! ― Be back by ten o'clock!

5. to, in (physical blows "to" a body part)

   Do hlavy ne! ― Don’t hit me in the head!

   Oběť byla pobodána do břicha ― Victim has stab wounds to the stomach.

6. to, up to (extreme limit, all the way up to)

   Budeme si to pamatovat do posledního dechu ― We will remember it till our last breath.

Further reading

• “do”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “do”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Dutch

Etymology

From Italian do (“the note”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: do
• Rhymes: -oː

Noun

do m or f (plural do's)

1. do, the musical note
2. (Belgium) C, the musical note

Synonyms

• ut (archaic)

See also

• (notes): re, mi, fa, sol, la, si; bee, kruis, mol

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/
• Rhymes: -o
• Hyphenation: do

Etymology 1

Noun

do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

Etymology 2

From French donc, possibly via apheresis of Latin ad tunc (see adonc). Compare Italian dunque, Romanian atunci, Spanish entonces.

Adverb

do

2. therefore, then, so (with conclusion), indeed, however

Fala

Alternative forms

• du (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese do, equivalent to de (“of”) +‎ o (masculine singular definite article).

Contraction

do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

1. (Mañegu) of the
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

     I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.

     And if “a man’s homeland [i.e. “homeland of the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

References

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[18], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Faroese

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /toː/
• Rhymes: -oː

Noun

do n (genitive singular dos, plural do)

1. (music) do

Declension

n3	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	do	doið	do	doini
accusative	do	doið	do	doini
dative	doi	doinum	doum	dounum
genitive	dos	dosins	doa	doanna

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

• Audio (Paris):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -o

Noun

do m (plural do)

1. (music) do, the note 'C'

   Synonym: ut

Further reading

• “do”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician

Etymology

From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ʊː/

Contraction

do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das)

1. of the; from the; 's

   cabalo do demo ― demon's horse ("dragonfly")

Further reading

• “o”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “do”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

Garo

Alternative forms

• do·o (A·chik)

Etymology

Glottal stop loss of do·o

Noun

do (Mandi)

1. bird

Ghomala'

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -o

Noun

do gender unattested singular of mdo gender unattested

1. roof, rooftop

   Synonyms: də̀m, thə́pà'

   Ě yáp dò pà'. ― He/she put on the roof of the house.

Noun

do gender unattested

1. singleton

   Synonym: dǒ?

   Do pǎ' lá' pyə. ― There is only one house in our village.

See also

• dodyə̌ (“roof”)
• dò (“curse”)
• dô (“skull”)
• də̀m (“over/above”)
• dǒ
• thə
• thə́pà'

References

• Erika Eichholzer (editor) et al, Dictionnaire ghomala’ (2002)

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French dos (“back”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

Noun

do

1. (anatomy) back

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

• too (Wiesemann spelling system)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /toː/

Adverb

do

1. here

   Synonyms: hie, hier

   Die Fraa is nimmi do. ― The woman isn't here anymore.

2. then; so

   Synonym: dann

   Do sim-mer fortgesprung. ― Then we fled.

Further reading

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

Ido

Adverb

do

1. so, therefore

Irish

Etymology 1

From confusion between Middle Irish ro- (in perfect), no- (in imperfect and conditional), and do- (of many verbs with that preverb), from Old Irish ro-, no-, to- respectively.

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowels and lenited fh-)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/

Particle

do (triggers lenition)

2. (Munster, literary) prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb

   do mhol sé ― he praised

Etymology 2

Reanalysis of do (“past tense marker”) and the early modern unstressed preverb do- of verbs like do-gheibhim (“I get”), do-chím (“I see”) (and possibly also a- in a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”)) in relative clauses as a relative marker.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/

Particle

do (triggers lenition)

2. (Munster, literary) relative marker (in direct relative clauses)

   an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises

Usage notes

Before vowel sounds takes the form d’ and is often preceded by the reduced form a: a dh’, a d’:

an té a dh’éiríonn go moch, bíonn an rath air ― he who raises early has the prosperity; the early bird catches the worm

Etymology 3

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
• (Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɡə/ (as if spelled go; do and go (“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect)
• (Ulster, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/

Preposition

do (plus dative, triggers lenition)

2. to, for

   do chara ― to a friend, for a friend

4. used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect

   Tá sé do mo ghortú. ― It’s hurting me.

   Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí. ― He was inquiring about you sg.

   Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí. ― You pl were being overthrown.

Inflection

Inflection of do

	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		dom	domsa
	second		duit	duitse
	third	m	dó	dósan
		f	di	dise
plural	first		dúinn	dúinne
	second		daoibh	daoibhse
	third		dóibh	dóibhsean

Derived terms

Irish preposition contractions

Basic form	Contracted with							Copular forms
	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	(before consonant)	(present/future before vowel)	(past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”)	den	de na desna*	de mo dem*	de do ded*, det*	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
do (“to, for”)	don	do na dosna*	do mo dom*	do do dod*, dot*	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
faoi (“under, about”)	faoin	faoi na	faoi mo	faoi do	faoina	faoinár	faoinar		faoinarb	faoinarbh
i (“in”)	sa, san	sna	i mo im*	i do id*, it*	ina	inár	inar		inarb	inarbh
le (“with”)	leis an	leis na	le mo lem*	le do led*, let*	lena	lenár	lenar		lenarb	lenarbh
ó (“from, since”)	ón	ó na ósna*	ó mo óm*	ó do ód*, ót*	óna	ónár	ónar		ónarb	ónarbh
trí (“through”)	tríd an	trí na	trí mo	trí do	trína	trínár	trínar		trínarb	trínarbh
*Dialectal.

See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "do"

Etymology 4

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *towe (“your, thy”); compare Welsh dy, Cornish dha, Breton da.

Alternative forms

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)
• t’ (nonstandard, used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/

Determiner

do (triggers lenition)

2. your sg

   Cá bhfuil do charr?

   Where is your car?

See also

Irish personal pronouns

	person		conjunctive (emphatic)	disjunctive (emphatic)	possessive determiner
singular	first		mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	second		tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	third	m	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
		f	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
		n	—	ea	—
plural	first		muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	second		sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	third		siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition   ^E Triggers eclipsis   ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun.
For instance, "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

References

References

Further reading

• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “do”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 347; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “do”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “do”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “do”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

Italian

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms

• dò (rare)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/^*
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: dò

Verb

do

1. first-person singular present indicative of dare

Etymology 2

Clipping of Doni, the surname of Giovanni Battista Doni. Coined in the 17th century to replace ut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/^°, (traditional) /ˈdɔ/^*
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: dò

Noun

do m

1. do (musical note)
2. C (musical note or key)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/^°, /ˈdɔ/^*, /ˈdɔh/, /ˈdɔʔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ, -ɔh, -ɔʔ
• Hyphenation: dò

Noun

do

1. (archaic) Alternative form of doh

Further reading

• do in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Anagrams

• od

Japanese

Romanization

do

1. The hiragana syllable ど (do) or the katakana syllable ド (do) in Hepburn romanization.

Kashubian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: do

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. denotes allative movement; to, toward
2. denotes purpose; for, to
3. until, till, to
4. up to, as many as
5. denotes a deadline; by

Related terms

prefix

• do-

Further reading

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “do”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 25
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “do”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[19], volume 1, page 271
• “do”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Ladin

Preposition

do

1. behind

   Antonym: dant

2. before (time)

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic 𐌆𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms. Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (d-d-a-tu-u-v).

The derivatives of dō are not always easy to distinguish from those of -dō (“put”) < *dʰeh₁-.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈdoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈd̪ɔː]

Verb

dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular short ă in most forms

1. to give

   Synonym: dōnō

   Tertium non datur.

   A third [possibility] is not given [the law of excluded middle].

   • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus.20.12:

     Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.

     Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.

2. to impart, offer, render, present with

   Synonyms: reddō, afferō

   • c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 3.4:

     Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.

     I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me.

     (literally, “I offer labour to you, Aristophontes…”)

   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.14:

     causam minus mirabilem dedit

     he rendered the circumstances less strange

   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.511:

     dumque mora est, tremulā dat vīna rubentia dextrā

     And while there is a delay, with his trembling right hand he offers [them] red wine.
     (Hyrieus serves his guests, unaware that they are gods. See: Hyrieus; Orion (mythology).)

3. to afford, grant

   Synonym: dōnō

   • 44 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 1.22.7:

     Non igitur provocatio ista lege datur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adulescentis ut turbulenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse?

     It is not, therefore, a right of appeal that is afforded by that law, but two most salutary laws and modes of judicial investigation that are abolished. And what is this but exhorting young men to be turbulent, seditious, mischievous citizens?

   • 44 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 1.23.4:

     Quid, quod obrogatur legibus Cæsaris, quae iubent ei qui de vi itemque ei qui maiestatis damnatus sit aqua et igni interdici? quibus cum provocatio datur, nonne acta Cæsaris rescinduntur? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui illa numquam probavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae causa arbitratus sum ut non modo, quas vivus leges Cæsar tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas quidem quas post mortem Cæsaris prolatas esse et fixas videtis.

     What more? Is not this a substitution of a new law for the laws of Cæsar, which enact that every man who has been convicted of violence, and also every man who has been convicted of treason, shall be interdicted from fire and water? And, when those men have a right of appeal granted them, are not the acts of Cæsar rescinded? And those acts, O conscript fathers, I, who never approved of them, have still thought it advisable to maintain for the sake of concord; so that I not only did not think that the laws which Cæsar had passed in his lifetime ought to be repealed, but I did not approve of meddling with those even which since the death of Cæsar you have seen produced and published.

4. to bestow, confer (on or upon)

   Synonym: dōnō

5. to concede, surrender, yield, deliver, give up

   Synonyms: dēdō, addīcō, concēdō, dēcēdō, committō, remittō, trādō, tribuō, dēferō, reddō, cēdō, permittō

6. to put
7. to adduce (e.g., a witness)

Conjugation

In Vulgar Latin, dō becomes *dao, by analogy with the root vowel -a-, but also by some elided third conjugation verbs like *vao, *vare (< vadō, vadere).

This table includes an archaic present subjunctive conjugation on a du- root that appears in the works of Plautus and Terence.

   Conjugation of dō (first conjugation, irregular short ă in most forms)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	dō		dās		dat		damus		datis		dant, danunt
	imperfect	dabam		dabās		dabat		dabāmus		dabātis		dabant
	future	dabō		dabis		dabit		dabimus		dabitis		dabunt
	perfect	dedī		dedistī		dedit		dedimus		dedistis		dedērunt, dedēre
	pluperfect	dederam		dederās		dederat		dederāmus		dederātis		dederant
	future perfect	dederō		dederis		dederit		dederimus		dederitis		dederint
passive	present	dor		daris, dare		datur		damur		daminī		dantur
	imperfect	dabar		dabāris, dabāre		dabātur		dabāmur		dabāminī		dabantur
	future	dabor		daberis, dabere		dabitur		dabimur		dabiminī		dabuntur
	perfect	datus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	datus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	datus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	dem, duim		dēs, duās, duīs		det, duit		dēmus		dētis		dent, duint
	imperfect	darem		darēs		daret		darēmus		darētis		darent
	perfect	dederim		dederīs		dederit		dederīmus		dederītis		dederint
	pluperfect	dedissem		dedissēs		dedisset		dedissēmus		dedissētis		dedissent
passive	present	der		dēris, dēre		dētur		dēmur		dēminī		dentur
	imperfect	darer		darēris, darēre		darētur		darēmur		darēminī		darentur
	perfect	datus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	datus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		dā		—		—		date		—
	future	—		datō		datō		—		datōte		dantō
passive	present	—		dare		—		—		daminī		—
	future	—		dator		dator		—		—		dantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		dare			darī			dāns			—
future		datūrum esse			datum īrī			datūrus			dandus
perfect		dedisse			datum esse			—			datus
future perfect		—			datum fore			—			—
perfect potential		datūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		dandī		dandō		dandum		dandō		datum		datū

Derived terms

• datārius
• datiō
• datō
• dator
• datum
• datus
• dēdō
• dīdō
• ēdō
• prōdō
• reddō
• trādō
• vēndō

Descendants

• Aragonese: dar
• Aromanian: dau, dari
• Corsican: dà
• Dalmatian: dur
• Emilian: dèr
• Extremaduran: dal
• Friulian: dâ
• Istriot: dà
• Istro-Romanian: dåu
• Italian: dare
• Ladin: dé, dèr
• Ligurian: dâ
• Lombard: da, daa
• Old Navarro-Aragonese: dar
  • Aragonese: dar
• Neapolitan: dà
• Old Catalan: dar
  • Catalan: dar
• Old Leonese: dar
  • Asturian: dar
  • Leonese: dar
  • Mirandese: dar
• Old Galician-Portuguese: dar
  • Fala: dal
  • Galician: dar
  • Portuguese: dar (see there for further descendants)
• Old Occitan: dar
  • Occitan: dar
• Old Spanish: dar
  • Ladino: dar, דאר
  • Spanish: dar (see there for further descendants)
• Piedmontese: dé
• Romagnol: dê
• Romanian: da, dare
• Romansch: dar, der
• Sabir: dar, dara
• Sardinian: dàe, dai, dare
• Sicilian: dari, rari
• Tarantino: dare
• Venetan: dar
• ⇒ Interlingua: dar

Further reading

• do in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• do in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• do in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[20], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to set out on a journey: in viam se dare
    
  • to give a horse the reins: frenos dare equo
    
  • to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere
    
  • to give some one a few days for reflection: paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare
    
  • to own oneself conquered, surrender: manus dare
    
  • to show oneself to some one: se in conspectum dare alicui
    
  • to take care of one's health: valetudini consulere, operam dare
    
  • to give a person poison in bread: dare venenum in pane
    
  • to give funeral games in honour of a person: ludos funebres alicui dare
    
  • this is the inscription on his tomb..: sepulcro (Dat.) or in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est
    
  • a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself: occasio datur, offertur
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: potestatem, copiam alicui dare, facere with Gen. gerund.
    
  • to give ground for suspicion: locum dare suspicioni
    
  • to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism: ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis
    
  • to bring a man to ruin; to destroy: aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare
    
  • to do any one a service or kindness: beneficium alicui dare, tribuere
    
  • to award the prize to..: palmam deferre, dare alicui
    
  • to entrust a matter to a person; to commission: mandatum, negotium alicui dare
    
  • to consider a thing creditable to a man: aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare
    
  • to reproach a person with..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere
    
  • to take great pains in order to..: studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut...
    
  • to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
    
  • to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy: ignaviae et socordiae se dare
    
  • to give a person his choice: optionem alicui dare (Acad. 2. 7. 19)
    
  • to offer a person the alternative of... or..: optionem alicui dare, utrum...an
    
  • to give a person advice: consilium dare alicui
    
  • to be forgotten, pass into oblivion: oblivioni esse, dari
    
  • to become a pupil, disciple of some one: operam dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem
    
  • to give advice, directions, about a matter: praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re
    
  • to grant, admit a thing: dare, concedere aliquid
    
  • to produce a play (of the writer): fabulam dare
    
  • to applaud, clap a person: plausum dare (alicui)
    
  • to give a gladiatorial show: munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
    
  • to give a gladiatorial show: gladiatores dare
    
  • to let oneself be jovial: se dare iucunditati
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • to charge some one with a letter for some one else: epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • Rome, January 1st: Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)
    
  • to give time for recovery: respirandi spatium dare
    
  • to pardon some one: alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)
    
  • to guarantee the protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct: fidem publicam dare, interponere (Sall. Iug. 32. 1)
    
  • to give one's word that..: fidem dare alicui (opp. accipere) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)
    
  • to rouse a person's suspicions: suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui
    
  • to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes: verba dare alicui (Att. 15. 16)
    
  • to swear an oath to a person: iusiurandum dare alicui
    
  • to give an oracular response: oraculum dare, edere
    
  • to give an oracular response: responsum dare (vid. sect. VIII. 5, note Note to answer...), respondere
    
  • to give some one to drink: alicui bibere dare
    
  • to devote oneself to a person's society: se dare in consuetudinem alicuius
    
  • to enter into conversation with some one: se dare in sermonem cum aliquo
    
  • to give audience to some one: colloquendi copiam facere, dare
    
  • to give audience to some one: conveniendi aditum dare alicui
    
  • to give one's right hand to some one: dextram alicui porrigere, dare
    
  • to give a dowry to one's daughter: dotem filiae dare
    
  • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui in matrimonium dare
    
  • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui nuptum dare
    
  • to lend, borrow money at interest: pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo
    
  • to lend money to some one: pecuniam alicui mutuam dare
    
  • to present a person with the freedom of the city: civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire
    
  • to make laws (of a legislator): leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere (not dare)
    
  • let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4)
    
  • to give a man audience before the senate: senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)
    
  • to produce as a witness: aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre
    
  • to reproach, blame a person for..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5. 50)
    
  • to pardon a person: veniam dare alicui
    
  • to be (heavily) punished by some one: poenas (graves) dare alicui
    
  • to put some one in irons, chains: in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem
    
  • to enlist oneself: nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri
    
  • to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers: commeatum militibus dare (opp. petere)
    
  • to pay the troops: stipendium dare, numerare, persolvere militibus
    
  • to give the watchword, countersign: tesseram dare (Liv. 28. 14)
    
  • to give the signal to engage: signum proelii dare
    
  • the cavalry covers the retreat: equitatus tutum receptum dat
    
  • to put the enemy to flight: in fugam dare, conicere hostem
    
  • to flee, run away: terga vertere or dare
    
  • to run away from the enemy: terga dare hosti
    
  • to take to flight: se dare in fugam, fugae
    
  • to dictate the terms of peace to some one: pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui (Liv. 29. 12)
    
  • to give hostages: obsides dare
    
  • to reduce a people to their former obedience: aliquem ad officium (cf. sect. X. 7, note officium...) reducere (Nep. Dat. 2. 3)
    
  • to put to sea: vela in altum dare (Liv. 25. 27)
    
  • to set the sails: vela dare
    
  • to run before the wind: vento se dare
    

Laz

Conjunction

do

1. Latin spelling of დო (do)

Ligurian

Alternative forms

• dro (obsolete)

Etymology

de +‎ o

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

Contraction

do

1. of the (masculine singular)

Limburgish

Etymology 1

Derived from Old High German doret. Compare German dort.

Alternative forms

• da (Eupen)
• dao (widespread variant)
• dooe (Krefeld)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔː/
• Hyphenation: do
• Rhymes: -ɔː

Adverb

do

1. (Eupen, local) there, yonder
2. (Eupen, temporal) at that time (in the past); at the time, then
3. (Eupen) then, after that

Etymology 2

Unstressed form of dou.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/
• Hyphenation: do
• Rhymes: -oː

Pronoun

do

1. (Eupen) Reduced form of dou (“you”)

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ/

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. to, into

   do Chóśebuza ― to Cottbus

   do jsy ― to the village, into the village

   do wognja ― into the fire

   do njebja ― to heaven

   • 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN, page 30:

     Jana chójźi hyšći do šule, wóna jo wuknica.

     Jana still goes to school; she is a schoolgirl.

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “do”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “do”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/, [doː]
  • Rhymes: -oː

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *þar.

Adverb

do

1. there, in that place

Etymology 2

Verb

do

1. second-person singular imperative of doen

Middle English

Verb

do

1. inflection of don:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. plural present indicative
   3. imperative
   4. subjunctive singular
   5. infinitive
   6. past participle

Nias

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀaq, from Proto-Austronesian *daʀaq. Compare Malay darah, Ilocano dara.

Noun

do (mutated form ndro)

1. blood

References

• Sundermann, Heinrich. 1905. Niassisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Moers: Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, p. 52.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.

Noun

do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doer or do, definite plural doene or doa)

1. a toilet, a loo

   Synonyms: dass, toalett

Derived terms

• dodraug
• dolukt
• dopapir
• dorull
• dosete
• klappedo
• utedo

Etymology 2

Noun

do m

1. do (the musical note)

References

• “do” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duː/

Noun

do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doar or do, definite plural doane or doa)

1. a toilet, a loo

   Synonyms: dass, toalett

Derived terms

• dodraug
• dolukt
• dopapir
• dorull
• dosete
• klappedo
• utedo

Etymology 2

From Old Norse þó.

Adverb

do

1. anyhow, still, nevertheless

Etymology 3

From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/
• Homophone: då

Noun

do m (definite singular do-en, indefinite plural do-ar, definite plural do-ane)

2. (music) do, a syllable used in solfège to represent the second note of a major scale.

Coordinate terms

• (scale of solfège): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do

Etymology 4

Verb

do

1. (non-standard since 1917) past singular of døy

References

• “do” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• od

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈdo/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈdo/

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. Denotes allative movement; to, toward
2. Denotes illative movement; into, in
3. Denotes length of time; to, until
4. Denotes final period of time; by
5. Denotes period before something else; before; by
6. according to, in agreeance with
7. Denotes recepient of action; to
8. regarding
9. up to, as many as
10. Denotes purpose; for, to
11. because of

Descendants

• Czech: do

References

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “do”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old English

Verb

dō

1. inflection of dōn:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. singular present subjunctive

Old Galician-Portuguese

Contraction

do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

2. contraction of de o (“of the, from the, -'s (masculine singular)”)

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [do]

Preposition

do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun)

1. to, for
2. indicates the subject of a verbal noun
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 97^d10

     Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

     It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.

Inflection

Inflection of do

	Person:		normal	emphatic
singular	first		dom, dam	domsa, damsa
	second		duit, dait, d(e)it	duitsiu, de(i)tsiu, duitso, détso
	third m or n	dative	dó(u), dáu	dos(s)om
		accusative
	third f	dative	dí	dis(s)i
		accusative
plural	first		dún(n), duún, dúun, dúin	dúnn(a)i
	second		dúib	dúibsi
	third	dative	do(a)ib, duaib, dóib	doïbsom, doaibsem, dóibsem
		accusative

Combinations with a definite article:

• don(d), dun(d) (“to/for the sg”)
• donaib, dunaib (“to/for the pl”)

Combinations with a possessive determiner:

• dom (“to/for my”)
• dot (“to/for your sg”)
• dia (“to/for his/her/their”)
• diar (“to/for our”)

Combinations with a relative pronoun:

• dia· (“to/for whom/which”)

Alternative forms

• du

Pronoun

do

1. Alternative spelling of dó

Adverb

do

1. Alternative spelling of dó

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909] D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, pages 274, 506; reprinted 2017

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *towe.

Alternative forms

• du, tho, to
• t’, th’ (before a vowel)

Determiner

do (triggers lenition)

1. your (singular)

Descendants

• Middle Irish: do
  • Irish: do
  • Scottish Gaelic: do
  • Manx: dty

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909] D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 439, pages 276–77; reprinted 2017

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /dɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /dɔ/

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. denotes allative movement; to, toward

   Synonym: ku

2. until

   Synonym: ku

3. denotes a deadline; by
4. denotes duration; within
5. denotes purpose; for
6. denotes the subject of an address or action;

Descendants

• Polish: do
• Silesian: do, dō (before nasals)

References

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “do”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Old Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

Etymology 1

From de +‎ o, from Latin dē (“from”) + ubi (“where”).

Adverb

do

1. where

Conjunction

do

1. where

Etymology 2

See lemma.

Verb

do

1. first-person singular present of dar

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German da.

Adverb

do

1. here

   Heit iss en Feierdaag do in Amerikaa.

   Today is a holiday here in America.

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish do.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/
• (Lesser Poland):
  • (Przemyśl) IPA^(key): [ˈdɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: do

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. denotes allative movement; to, toward

   Synonym: (sometimes) na

   Zwykle jeżdżę do pracy pociągiem. ― I usually go to work by train.

   Chcę wrócić do domu. ― I want to go home. (literally, “I want to return to home.”)

2. denotes illative movement; into, in

   Proszę włożyć mleko do lodówki. ― Please put the milk in the fridge.

3. denotes purpose; for, to

   Zapomniałem szczoteczki do zębów. ― I forgot my toothbrush (literally, “I forgot brush for teeth.”)

   Masz ochotę na coś do picia? ― Do you fancy something to drink?

4. denotes the subject of an address or action; to

   Napisałam do ciebie list. ― I wrote you a letter.

   Szymon w każdą sobotę dzwoni do mamy. ― Simon calls his mother every Saturday.

5. until, till, to

   Do zeszłego miesiąca mieszkałem całe życie w Łodzi. ― Until last month I had lived in Łódź my entire life.

   Pracujemy od dziewiątej do piątej. ― We work from nine to five.

6. up to, as many as

   Grozi mu do sześciu lat więzienia. ― He could get up to six years' imprisonment.

   Nasz syn ma tylko pięć lat, a już umie liczyć do stu. ― Our son is only five and can already count to 100.

7. denotes a deadline; by (indicates an intended deadline)

   Mój szef chce, żebym do jutra skończył raport. ― My boss wants me to finish the report by tomorrow.

8. (Przemyśl) synonym of przez; denoting a period of time for which something lasts

   Chorowała do póroku. ― She was sick for half a year.

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), do is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1245 times in scientific texts, 1326 times in news, 1088 times in essays, 1260 times in fiction, and 935 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 5854 times, making it the 9th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

See also

• ku

Further reading

• do in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• do in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “do”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “DO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.03.2019
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “do”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “do”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “do”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 466
• Aleksander Saloni (1908) “do”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 333

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• d'o (dated)

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese do, from de (“of, from”) + o (“the”). Akin to Galician do, Spanish del, and French du.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /du/

• (Madeira) IPA^(key): /dø/
• Hyphenation: do

Contraction

do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

2. contraction of de o (“of the, from the, -'s (masculine singular)”)

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:do.

Romanian

Etymology

From Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /do/

Noun

do m (plural do)

1. do (musical note)

Declension

Declension of do

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	do	doul		do	doi
genitive-dative	do	doului		do	dolor
vocative	doule			dolor

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/
• Hyphenation: do
• Rhymes: -oː

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Cognates include West Frisian de and German die.

Article

do (unstressed de)

1. plural of die

Etymology 2

From Old Frisian thā, from Proto-Germanic *þan. Cognates include West Frisian dan and German dann.

Adverb

do

1. then

References

• Marron C. Fort (2015) “die”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
• Marron C. Fort (2015) “do”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (stressed) /t̪ɔ/, (unstressed) /t̪ə/
• Hyphenation: do

Etymology 1

From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do.

Determiner

do (triggers lenition)

1. thy, your (singular)

   Bha iongantach do ghràdh dhomh. ― Wonderful was thy love for me.

See also

Scottish Gaelic possessive determiners

		singular		plural
		+ C	+ V	+ C	+ V
first person		moL	m'	ar	arN
second person		doL	d'	ur	urN
third person	m	aL	—	an, am1	an
	f	a	aH

^L Triggers lenition; ^H Triggers H-prothesis; ^N Triggers eclipsis
¹ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

Etymology 2

From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do.

Preposition

do (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhan)

1. to

   Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh. ― He travelled to England last year.

2. for

   Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e. ― For our life, for thee, I would do it.

Usage notes

• Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form do dh' may be used:

  Tha sinn a' dol do dh'Ìle. ― We are going to Islay.

• If the definite article in the singular follows, it combines with do into dhan or don:

  Fàilte don dùthaich. ― Welcome to the country.

  Tha mi a' dol dhan bhùth. ― I'm going to the shop.

Inflection

Personal inflection of do

	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		dhomh	dhòmhsa
	second		dhut	dhutsa
	third	m	dha	dhàsan
		f	dhi	dhìse
plural	first		dhuinn	dhuinne
	second		dhuibh	dhuibhse
	third		dhaibh	dhaibhsan

Synonyms

• a

Derived terms

• an dèidh do
• 's urrainn do

Etymology 3

From Middle Irish ro-, from Old Irish ro-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-.

Particle

do (triggers lenition)

1. indicates the past tense of a verb

   An do sgrìobh thu litir? ― Did you write a letter?

   Cha do bhrist mi an uinneag. ― I didn't break the window.

Usage notes

• Becomes dh' before a word beginning with a vowel or a lenited fh followed by a vowel.

  Dh'fhàg an t-òran brònach mi. ― The song made me sad.

  Dh'òl e am pinnt. ― He drank the pint.

  An do dh'innis mi thu mar-thà. ― Did I not already tell you.

• Usually omitted before a consonant except after particles such as an, cha etc.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *do

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /dô/

Adverb

dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏)

1. only, except

   ni(t)ko do ja ― nobody but me, only me

   ne jede ništa do komad hljeba/hleba ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread

2. around, approximately

   do dva metra ― around two meters

   do 5 kila ― around five kilograms

3. due to, because of

   to je do hrane ― that's due to the food

Preposition

dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) (+ genitive case)

1. up to, to, until, as far as, by

   od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade

   od jutra do mraka / od 5 do 10 sati ― from morning to night / from 5 to 10 o'clock

   od vrha do dna ― from top to bottom

   do r(ij)eke ― as far as the river

   sad je pet do sedam ― now it's five minutes to seven

   do poned(j)eljka ― by Monday

   do sada ― so far, thus far, till now

   do nedavna ― until recently

   do dana današnjega ― to this very day

   sve do ― as far as up to, all the way to

   do kuda ― how far

   do tuda ― thus far, up to here

2. before (= prȉje/prȅ)

   do rata ― before the war

3. beside, next (to)

   s(j)edi do mene ― sit next to me

   jedan do drugoga ― side by side

4. (by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like

   nije mi do toga ― I don't feel like doing that

   nije mi do sm(ij)eha ― I don't feel like laughing

   njemu je samo do seksa ― he is only interested in sex

   nije mi puno stalo do toga ― I'm not very much interested in that

   nije do mene ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dolъ.

Alternative forms

• dȏl

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dôː/

Noun

dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑)

1. (regional, Bosnia, Serbia) dale, small valley

Declension

Declension of do

	singular	plural
nominative	dȏ	dòlovi/dȏli
genitive	dȍla	dolova/dola
dative	dolu	dolovima/dolima
accusative	do	dolove/dole
vocative	dole	dolovi/doli
locative	dolu	dolovima/dolima
instrumental	dolom	dolovima/dolima

Derived terms

• dolìna

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dôː/

Noun

dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑) (indeclinable)

1. (music) do

References

• “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
• “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
• “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Silesian

Alternative forms

• dō (before nasals)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: do

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. denotes allative movement; to, toward

   Synonyms: ku, w

2. denotes maximum amount; to
3. until, till, to
4. denotes purpose; for, to
5. denotes benefactive beneficent; for

   Synonym: dlŏ

6. denotes recepient of action; to

   Synonym: dlŏ

Related terms

prefix

• do-

Further reading

• do in dykcjonorz.eu
• do in silling.org

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

do [with genitive]

1. into, in, to, until

Further reading

• “do”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ/

Preposition

do

1. (with genitive) by (some time before the given time)
2. (with genitive) till

Further reading

• “do”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdo/ [ˈd̪o]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification: do

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Italian do.

Noun

do m (plural dos)

1. do (musical note)
2. C (musical note or key)

See also

• (notes): do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si

Etymology 2

From Old Spanish do, from de (“from”) + o (“where”). Compare Italian dove, French d'où.

Adverb

do

1. (obsolete) where

   Synonym: (modern) donde

Pronoun

do

1. (obsolete) where

   Synonym: (modern) donde

Derived terms

• doquier
• doquiera

Further reading

• “do”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Swahili

Interjection

do

1. Expression of surprise: oh! damn!

Taworta

Noun

do

1. fire

Further reading

Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages

Turkish

Noun

do

1. C (musical note)

Venetan

Verb

do

1. first-person singular present indicative of dar (“I give”)

Vietnamese

Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 由.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zɔ˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [jɔ˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [jɔ˧˧]
• Homophone: gio

• Audio (Hà Nội):

  (file)

• Audio (Saigon):

  (file)

Preposition

do

1. (neutral passive voice marker) by

   Hầu hết các mô hình dưỡng lão đều do nhà nước bảo trợ, […]

   Most of the aged care models are sponsored by the state, […]

2. because of; due to

Related terms

• (passive voice marker) bị (negative), được (positive)

Volapük

Conjunction

do

1. though, although, even though

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/
• Rhymes: -oː

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *tod, from Proto-Indo-European *tód (“that”).

Adverb

do

1. yes
2. indeed

   Do, es i i'r parc ddoe.

   Yes, I went to the park yesterday.

Usage notes

• Used to express an affirmative answer to verbs in the preterite (simple past) tense.
  • In colloquial speech it can sometimes be heard as an answer to any question referring to the past (such as those in the perfect or pluperfect), but this is considered nonstandard.

Antonyms

• naddo

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• da (colloquial)
• deuaf, dof (literary)

Verb

do

1. first-person singular future colloquial of dod

Mutation

Mutated forms of do

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
do	ddo	no	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 3

Noun

do

1. soft mutation of to

Mutation

Mutated forms of to

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
to	do	nho	tho

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

West Frisian

Etymology 1

From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /də/

Pronoun

do

1. (Clay) you, thou; informal second-person singular pronoun

   Ik hâld fan dy. ― I love you.

Inflection

West Frisian personal pronouns and possessives

			personal				possessive
			subject case	object case			determiner	pronoun
				normal	reflexive
singular	1st		ik	my	mysels		myn	mines
	2nd	informal	do, dû1	dy	dysels		dyn	dines
		formal	jo	jo	josels		jo	jowes
	3rd	m	hy	him	himsels		syn	sines
		f	sy, hja1	har	harsels		har	harres
		n	it	it	himsels		syn	sines
plural	1st		wy	ús	ússels		ús	uzes
	2nd		jim(me)	jim(me)	jimsels, jinsels		jim(me)	jimmes
	3rd		sy, hja1	har(ren)	harsels		har(ren)	harres

¹ Now mostly archaic and unused.

Alternative forms

• dû (Wood)

Further reading

• “do (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 2

From Old Frisian *dūve, from Proto-West Germanic *dūbā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

Noun

do c (plural dowen, diminutive doke)

1. pigeon, dove

Further reading

• “do (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doː/

Noun

do c (plural do's)

1. do (musical note)

Further reading

• “do (IV)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

West Makian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪o/

Verb

do

1. (transitive) to find
2. (transitive) to obtain, get hold of
3. (transitive) to receive

Conjugation

Conjugation of do (action verb)

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		todo	modo	ado
2nd person		nodo	fodo
3rd person	inanimate	ido	dodo
	animate
imperative		nodo, do	fodo, do

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[21], Pacific linguistics

Yoruba

Etymology 1

From do used in solfège to represent the first tonic of a major scale.

Alternative forms

• (abbreviated): D, d

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dò/

Noun

dò

1. The syllable used to represent the low-tone and its diacritic (`)

   Ẹ bá mi fàmì sí "pàtàkì"
   pà-tà-kì dò-dò-dò

   Help me tone mark "pàtàkì"
   pà-tà-kì low-tone, low-tone, low-tone

See also

names for tones

• mí
• re

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dó/

Verb

dó

1. (vulgar) to fuck

Derived terms

• adóbò
• adódìí
• adóniláya
• dídó
• dóbò
• dókó
• dóni

proverbs

• bí olókó ńlá bá dóni, gbíngbin làá gbin

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dó/

Verb

dó

1. (transitive) to settle; to found a settlement

   Synonym: tẹ̀ dó

   Àwọn Àwórì ló kọ́kọ́ dó sí Èkó. ― The Awori people settled Lagos first.

2. (transitive) to colonise

Derived terms

• Adó
• Oǹdó
• àdádó
• ìtẹ̀lúdó

Zazaki

Etymology

Related to Persian دوغ (duġ) and Tajik дуғ (duġ).

Noun

do

1. airan

Zoogocho Zapotec

Noun

do

1. mecate, rope made of maguey or hair fiber

References

• Long C., Rebecca, Cruz M., Sofronio (2000) Diccionario zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 38)‎^[22] (in Spanish), second electronic edition, Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 367