由

See also: 田, 甲, 申, and 甶

Translingual

Han character

由 (radical 102 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 5060₀, composition ⿻十囗)

1. cause, reason
2. from

Derived characters

• 柚

Descendants

• ゆ
• ユ

References

• KangXi: page 757, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
• Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2524, character 2
• Unihan data for U+7531

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		由

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yóu (you²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù
• Min Nan (POJ): iû

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: yóu
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ
    • Wade-Giles: yu²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: you
    • IPA ^(key): /i̯oʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jau⁴
    • Yale: yàuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
    • Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
    • IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
    • IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû
    • Tâi-lô: iû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iuu
    • IPA (Taipei): /iu²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu¹³/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 由
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou³⁵/
	Harbin	/iou²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iou⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iou⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/iou⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iou²⁴/
	Xining	/iɯ²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iou⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/iəu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/iəu³¹/
	Guiyang	/iəu²¹/
	Kunming	/iəu³¹/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ²⁴/
	Hefei	/iɯ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦiɤ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɤ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiø²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/jau³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/iu⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/iu⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu¹³/
	Xiangtan	/iəɯ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/i⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu²¹/
	Nanning	/jɐu²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/iu³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ieu⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/iu²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ziu³¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /jɨu/▼

Rime
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以周切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/jiu/
Shao Rongfen	/iəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juw/
Li Rong	/iu/
Wang Li	/jĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóu

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*l[u]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yóu
Middle Chinese	‹ yuw ›
Old Chinese	/*l[u]/
English	follow; from
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
No.	15526
Phonetic component	由
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	猷
Old Chinese	/*lɯw/

Definitions

由

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• (Hakka) Lau, Chun-fat. Hakka Pinyin Dictionary (Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997 (Chinese IME supplement) ISBN 962-201-750-9.
• (Min Nan) “Entry #1856”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

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Japanese

Kanji

由

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. cause, reason
2. from, arising from

Readings

• Goon: ゆ (yu)
• Kan’on: ゆう (yū), (historical) いう (iu)
• Kan’yōon: ゆい (yui)
• Kun: よし (yoshi), よる (由る, yoru), より (由り, yori)

Compounds

• 自由 (じゆう) ‎(jiyū): freedom
• 自由度 (じゆうど) ‎(jiyūdo): flexibility

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Korean

Hanja

由 • ‎(yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune-Reischauer yu, Yale yu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

由 (do, dô, ro, sân)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.