來
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Translingual[edit]
| Traditional | 來 |
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| Simplified | 来 |
| Japanese | 来 |
| Korean | 來 |
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Han character[edit]
來 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 40908, composition ⿻木从)
Derived characters[edit]
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 101, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
- Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 141, character 8
- Unihan data for U+4F86
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 來 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Pictogram (象形) of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾.
This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts.
Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”.
Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent.
來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/.
Etymology 1[edit]
| trad. | 來 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 来 | |
| alternative forms | 𧼛 倈／俫 逨 徠／徕 | |
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
來
- to come; to arrive
- to happen; to occur
- to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
- since
- next; coming; future
- (after a number) about; approximately; around
- Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
- Used before a verb to express volition.
- Used with 不 or 得 to express capability.
- Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
- Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
- (Shanghainese Wu) currently
- (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 來 (MC lʌi)
- a surname
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 來 (“to come”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 來 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 來 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 來 |
| Taiwan | 來 | |
| Malaysia | 來 | |
| Singapore | 來 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 嚟 |
| Hong Kong | 嚟 | |
| Macau | 嚟 | |
| Taishan | 來 | |
| Qingyuan | 來 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 嚟 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 嚟 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 來 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 來 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 來 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 來 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 來 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 來 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 來 | |
| Min Dong | Singapore (Fuqing) | 來 |
| Sitiawan (Gutian) | 來 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 來 |
| Taipei | 來 | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 來 | |
| Kaohsiung | 來 | |
| Yilan | 來 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 來 | |
| Taichung | 來 | |
| Tainan | 來 | |
| Hsinchu | 來 | |
| Kinmen | 來 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 來 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 來 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 來 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 來 | |
| Chaozhou | 來 | |
| Shantou | 來 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 來 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 來 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 來 |
| Suzhou | 來 | |
| Hangzhou | 來 | |
| Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 來 | |
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 來
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Descendants[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
| trad. | 來 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 来 | |
| alternative forms | 麳／𪎌 䅘／𥟂 | |
Cognate to or same word as 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
來
- (obsolete) wheat
- 貽我來牟，帝命率育。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yí wǒ mài móu, dì mìng shuài yù. [Pinyin]
- Thou didst confer on us the wheat and the barley, which God appointed for the nourishment of all.
贻我来牟，帝命率育。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
References[edit]
- “來”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #3543”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
| 来 | |
| 來 |
Kanji[edit]
來
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 来)
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: らい (rai)
- Kan-on: らい (rai)
- Kun: くる (kuru, 來る); きたる (kitaru, 來る); きたす (kitasu, 來す); きたる (kitaru, 來たる); きたす (kitasu, 來たす)
- Nanori: き (ki); こ (ko); な (na); ゆき (yuki)
Etymology[edit]
| For pronunciation and definitions of 來 – see the following entry. | ||||
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| (This term, 來, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae), South Korea 올 내 (ol nae))
Compounds[edit]
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb[edit]
來 (ku) (kana く)
- to come (towards the speaker), approach
- to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)
- (suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]
Conjugation[edit]
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 來 | こ | ko | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 來 | き | ki | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 來 | く | ku | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 來る | くる | kuru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 來れ | くれ | kure | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 來 來よ |
こ こよ |
ko koyo | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 來ず | こず | kozu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 來れど | くれど | kuredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 來れば | くれば | kureba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 來ば | こば | koba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 來し[1] 來し[1] |
こし きし |
kosi kisi | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 來けり | きけり | kikeri | |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 來つ | きつ | kitu | |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 來ぬ | きぬ | kinu | |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 來たり | きたり | kitari | |
| Volitional | 來む | こむ | komu | |
| [1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation. | ||||
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 来る (kuru)
Etymology 2[edit]
Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.
Verb[edit]
來 (ke1) (kana け)
- stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
來: Hán Nôm readings: lai, lay, lơi, ray, rơi, rời
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References[edit]
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