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See also:
U+53BB, 去
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53BB

[U+53BA]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+53BC]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 28, +3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 土戈 (GI), four-corner 40731, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3070
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 384, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+53BB

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms


dialectal

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (man) + (mouth, object). Top figure simplified to , unrelated to (“scholar, gentleman”), while bottom simplified to . There are various interpretations of the combination of “man” and “mouth, object”. One is that the ideograph represented a man with a hole marked in his crotch, with the idea of “anus” (i.e. getting rid of) (Schuessler, 2007). Another is that it represented a man departing from a cave or city.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of (OC *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab, “to open one's mouth”), the meaning given by the combination of (“big”) and (“mouth”). The meaning “to depart” would be an extension of the meaning “to open one's mouth”, as the lips depart from each other when one's mouth is open.

Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) : semantic (man) + phonetic 𠙴 ().

In addition, is also the original character of (OC *ɡaːb, “to cover”). The could be a cover on top of an object .

Etymology

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There were two pronunciations in Middle Chinese. The rising tone pronunciation originally meant “to put away, to eliminate” (causative of “to go away”), and the falling tone “to go away, to leave, to depart” (anticausative). The merger of the two pronunciations already happened in Old Chinese and most extant dialects do not observe this distinction now.

This word is of Sino-Tibetan origin with the basic meaning of "to get rid of". Compare Tibetan སྐྱག (skyag, to spend, to lay out; dung, excrement), རྐྱག (rkyag, dirt, excrement), Burmese ကျ (kya., to fall, to become low), ချ (hkya., to put down, to bring down, to lower).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • qie4 - vernacular;
  • qu4 - literary.
Note:
  • kī - vernacular;
  • qū - literary.
Note: ké̤ṳ - "departing tone".
Note: khù - suburbs of Xiamen.
Note:
  • ke3 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Shantou, Jieyang, Pontianak;
  • ku3 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
Note:
  • Chongming 5khi - vernacular;
  • Chongming 5chi, 5chiu - literary;
  • 5chi, 5khou - vernacular;
  • 5chiu - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰy²¹/
/t͡ɕʰi²¹/ 過~
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰy³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Yinchuan /kʰɯ¹³/
/t͡ɕʰy¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
/kʰɯ³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰie¹³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
/kʰe²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰi²¹²/ ~年
/kʰə²¹²/ ~大理
Nanjing /kʰi⁴⁴/
/t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁵/ ~哪
/kəʔ²/ 上~
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/ 來~
/kəʔ⁴³/ 吃~
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
/t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁴⁴⁵/
/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
/kʰei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰy³²⁴/
/t͡ɕʰi³²⁴/
Tunxi /kʰə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/
/kʰə⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰie⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰie²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hi⁵³/
Taoyuan /kʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /høy³³/
Nanning /hy³³/
Hong Kong /høy³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰu²¹/
/kʰi²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɔ²¹²/
/kʰœ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰɯ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hu³⁵/
/xu³⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (22)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter khjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆H/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔH/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ʰ(r)ap-s/
English depart

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 10687
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰas/

Definitions

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  1. to leave; to depart from
      ―  shì  ―  to pass away
  2. to go to; to leave for
    哪兒哪儿  ―  nǎr?  ―  Where are you going?
    Antonym: (lái)
  3. (before or after a verb) to go in order to do something
    辦公室請假 [MSC, trad.]
    办公室请假 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā dào bàngōngshì qǐngjiǎ. [Pinyin]
    He went to the office to ask for leave.
    釣魚網球 [MSC, trad.]
    钓鱼网球 [MSC, simp.]
    diàoyú le, ér méi dǎ wǎngqiú. [Pinyin]
    He went fishing instead of playing tennis.
  4. (between two verbs) to; in order to
  5. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement away from the speaker.
      ―  xià  ―  to go down [ant. 下來下来 (xiàlái, “to come down”)]
      ―  sòng   ―  to send away
  6. to send; to dispatch
  7. to play (a part, a character); to act
  8. (euphemistic) to pass away; to die
  9. last; past
      ―  nián  ―  last year
  10. 66th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "departure" (𝍇)
  11. Short for 去聲去声 (qùshēng).
  12. (literary) to be separated by; to be apart by
  13. (neologism) what the hell; what; damn; fuck
      ―    ―  what the hell
Synonyms
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Pronunciation 2

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Note: heoi2 - rare.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (22)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter khjoX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆X/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔX/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[kʰ](r)aʔ/
English get rid of

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 10684
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰaʔ/

Definitions

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  1. to remove; to get rid of
      ―  diào  ―  to remove
      ―  tuō  ―  to throw off
      ―  chāi  ―  to remove, to take off
    蝦腸虾肠  ―  xiācháng  ―  to remove the intestines from shrimp
    牛肉腥味之後好食 [Cantonese, trad.]
    牛肉腥味之后好食 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngau4 juk6 heoi3 zo2 di1 sing1 mei6 zi1 hau6 wui5 hou2 sik6 hou2 do1. [Jyutping]
    Beef tastes much better after you get rid of the rankness.
    白蝦白虾  ―  tóu báixiā  ―  headless white shrimp
    中心化  ―  zhōngxīnhuà  ―  decentralization
  2. to discard

Pronunciation 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to hoard, to hide away”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Pronunciation 4

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to drive; to spur; to run quickly; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Compounds

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See also

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The tones (of Chinese) in Mandarin · 聲調声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
平仄 (píngzè) (píng)
平聲平声 (píngshēng)
()
仄聲仄声 (zèshēng)
平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù)
四聲四声 (sìshēng)
(píng)
平聲平声 (píngshēng)
(shǎng)
上聲上声 (shǎngshēng)
()
去聲去声 (qùshēng)
()
入聲入声 (rùshēng)
標調方法标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
標調法标调法
四角標調法四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜂◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜆
[Term?] ◌〪 ◌〫 ◌〬 ◌〭
傍點傍点 ◌〮 ◌〯
四聲八調四声八调 陰平阴平 (yīnpíng) 陽平阳平 (yángpíng) 陰上阴上 (yīnshǎng) 陽上阳上 (yángshǎng) 陰去阴去 (yīnqù) 陽去阳去 (yángqù) 陰入阴入 (yīnrù) 陽入阳入 (yángrù)
(yīn) (yáng)
標調方法标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
標調法标调法
四角標調法四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜁◌ ꜂◌ ꜃◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜅ ◌꜆ ◌꜇
The tones (of Standard Mandarin) in Mandarin · 聲調声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
四聲四声 (sìshēng) 陰平阴平 (yīnpíng)
一聲一声
陽平阳平 (yángpíng)
二聲二声 (èrshēng)
上聲上声 (shǎngshēng)
三聲三声 (sānshēng)
去聲去声 (qùshēng)
四聲四声 (sìshēng)
輕聲轻声 (qīngshēng)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to leave, to go away
  2. past

Readings

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Compounds

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See also

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Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (gal geo))

  1. hanja form? of (to leave; to go away)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: khứ, khử[1], khu[2]

  1. (literary) Chữ Hán form of khứ (to leave, to go).
  2. Chữ Hán form of khử (to remove).

Compounds

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References

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