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里

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 裏, 裡, 黒, and 浬
里 U+91CC, 里
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CC
← 釋
[U+91CB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 重 →
[U+91CD]
⾥ U+2FA5, ⾥
KANGXI RADICAL VILLAGE
← ⾤
[U+2FA4] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾦ →
[U+2FA6]
里 U+F9E9, 里
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9E9
← 裡
[U+F9E8] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 離 →
[U+F9EA]

Translingual

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Han character

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Stroke order
Hong Kong, Taiwan
Stroke order
7 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
7 strokes
See images of
Radical 166 里

里 (Kangxi radical 166, 里+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 田土 (WG), four-corner 60104, composition ⿱田土)

  1. Kangxi radical #166, ⾥.

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1291, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40131
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1791, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3680, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91CC

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 里
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (里) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
埋 *mrɯː
霾 *mrɯː
薶 *mrɯː
榸 *ʔr'ɯː
厘 *rɯ
狸 *rɯ
貍 *p·rɯ
梩 *rɯ
艃 *rɯ
里 *rɯʔ
理 *rɯʔ
鯉 *rɯʔ
俚 *rɯʔ
悝 *rɯʔ, *km̥ʰlɯː
娌 *rɯʔ
裏 *rɯʔ
荲 *r̥ʰɯɡ, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 田 (“field”) + 土 (“soil; earth”) – a measure of land and fields; mile; place.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 里
Wikipedia has articles on:

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/g-wa (“village”) (STEDT). Cognate with 丘 (OC *kʰʷɯ) "hill, mound" & 街 (OC *kreː, *kreː) "road crossing, street"; outsides Sinitic, cognate with Mizo khua (“village”), Lai khûa (“village, cosmos”), Burmese ရွာ (rwa, “village”); Schuessler (2007) also proposes cognacy with Tibetan ར་བ (ra ba, “fence, enclosure, wall, pen”) by pointing to a semantic parallel between English town and German Zaun (“fence”).

Alternatively, possibly related to 理 (lǐ) "to divide into equal sections", yet Schuessler also noted that early Chinese villages were not systematically planned and platted.

Pronunciation

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Note: lei5-2 - in street names.
Note:
  • Meixian:
    • li1 - vernacular (unit of distance);
    • li3 - literary (native place, neighborhood).
Rime
Character 里
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 良士切
Baxter liX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɨX/
Li
Rong 		/liəX/
Wang
Li 		/lĭəX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/liX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lei5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 里
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ liX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*(mə.)rəʔ/
English li (measure of distance); village

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 里
Reading # 1/1
No. 7826
Phonetic
component 		里
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		里
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯʔ/

Definitions

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里

  1. li (a unit of distance equal to half a kilometre in modern Mainland China)
    公里  ―  gōnglǐ  ―  kilometre
  2. neighbourhood (formal or informal grouping of adjacent dwellings; the size vary according to different historical sources)
    鄰里／邻里  ―  línlǐ  ―  neighbours
  3. urban village (an administrative unit in the Republic of China)
  4. village (an administrative unit in South Korea and North Korea)
  5. lane (a type of road in Hong Kong)
  6. a surname

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (里):
  • → Japanese: 里(り) (ri)
  • → Korean: 리(里) (ri)
  • → Vietnamese: lý (里)

Others:

  • English: li
Compounds
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Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 里

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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里

  1. (Xiang) Particle indicating the word preceding it is used as an adverb.
Synonyms
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  • (chiefly Mandarin) 地 (de)

Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 里 – see 裡 (“in; inside; during; within; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 裏, which is in turn the simplified form of 裡).
Notes:

References

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  • “里”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “里”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 164.

Japanese

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Kanji

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里

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
  • Kun: さと (sato, 里, Jōyō)、みちのり (michinori, 里)
  • Nanori: か (ka)、さ (sa)、さとし (satoshi)、と (to)、のり (nori)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
里
さと
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
郷

⟨sato1⟩ → */satʷo/ → /sato/

From Old Japanese,[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sato.

Ultimately derivation unknown. Theories include a compound of either 小 (sa-, “short”) or 狭 (sa-, “narrow”) + 所 (to, “place”) or 戸 (to, “door”). Other theories have been suggested but are unlikely.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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里(さと) • (sato) 

  1. 郷: a village
    Synonyms: 村 (mura), 村里 (murazato)
  2. a country house
  3. 郷: one's hometown
    Synonyms: 田舎 (inaka), 故郷 (kokyō)
  4. the country, countryside
  5. the original home of a household member (such as a wife, adoptee, or other person who has joined the household from outside)
  6. a separate home or boarding situation to which one's own children are sent for upbringing or education
  7. a red-light district
    Synonym: 遊里 (yūri)
  8. one's birth, parentage, origins
  9. (slang, red-light district) boorishness, hickishness
  10. the lay world (as opposed to life within a temple)

Derived terms

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Adjective

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里(さと) • (sato) -na (adnominal 里(さと)な (sato na), adverbial 里(さと)に (sato ni))

  1. (slang, red-light district) boorish, hickish
Inflection
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Inflection of 里
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 里だろ さとだろ sato daro
Continuative (連用形) 里で さとで sato de
Terminal (終止形) 里だ さとだ sato da
Attributive (連体形) 里な さとな sato na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 里なら さとなら sato nara
Imperative (命令形) 里であれ さとであれ sato de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 里ではない
里じゃない 		さとではない
さとじゃない 		sato de wa nai
sato ja nai
Informal past 里だった さとだった sato datta
Informal negative past 里ではなかった
里じゃなかった 		さとではなかった
さとじゃなかった 		sato de wa nakatta
sato ja nakatta
Formal 里です さとです sato desu
Formal negative 里ではありません
里じゃありません 		さとではありません
さとじゃありません 		sato de wa arimasen
sato ja arimasen
Formal past 里でした さとでした sato deshita
Formal negative past 里ではありませんでした
里じゃありませんでした 		さとではありませんでした
さとじゃありませんでした 		sato de wa arimasen deshita
sato ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 里で さとで sato de
Conditional 里なら（ば） さとなら（ば） sato nara (ba)
Provisional 里だったら さとだったら sato dattara
Volitional 里だろう さとだろう sato darō
Adverbial 里に さとに sato ni
Degree 里さ さとさ satosa

Proper noun

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里(さと) • (Sato) 

  1. a placename
  2. a surname
  3. a female given name

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
里
り
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 里 (MC liX).

Compare modern Chinese 里 (lǐ).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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里(り) • (ri) 

  1. a unit of distance:
    1. under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, defined as equal to 300 歩 (bu) or 1500 尺 (shaku)
    2. from the early modern until the end of the Edo period, defined as equal to 36 町 (chō), approximately between 3.6 to 4.2 kilometers
    3. from the mid-Meiji period, defined as equal to 129,600⁄33 meters, approximately 3.927 kilometers or 2.44 miles
  2. (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a unit of area for regional administration, equal to 50 戸 (ko, “houses”)

Derived terms

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Affix

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里(り) • (ri) 

  1. village

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
里
さとし
Grade: 2
nanori

Likely from 聡い (satoi, “clever”), earlier satoshi. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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里(さとし) • (Satoshi) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
里
さと > ざと
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Likely a voiced rendaku (連濁) version of sato above.

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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里(ざと) • (Zato) 

  1. a placename

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “さと 【里・郷】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, pages 333-334
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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里 (eumhun 마을 리 (ma'eul ri), word-initial (South Korea) 마을 이 (ma'eul i))

  1. hanja form? of 리 (“village”)
  2. hanja form? of 리 (“a li, a Korean "mile" of about 393 m”)

Compounds

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Okinawan

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Kanji

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里

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Ryukyuan *sato, from Proto-Japonic *sato (“hamlet”). The original "hamlet" sense is now only found in place names.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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里(さとぅ) (satu) 

  1. (literary or poetic) beau, lover
    月も眺めたいでかやう立ち戻ら、里やわが宿に待ちゆらだいもの
    tsichi-n nagamitai dikayo tachimudura, satu-ya waga yadu ni muchura demunu
    I also want to look at the moon, so come on, let's go. My darling shall be waiting at the house.

Usage notes

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Used from a woman to a man. The term for a homeland is 親の家 (uya nu ya), and the term for a village is either 島 (shima) or 村 (mura).

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 里 (MC liX). Possibly from Japanese.

Suffix

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里(り) (-ri) 

  1. a unit of distance:
    1. under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, defined as equal to 300 Japanese 歩 (bu) or 1500 Japanese 尺 (shaku)
    2. from the early modern until the end of the Edo period, defined as equal to 36 Japanese 町 (chō), approximately between 3.6 to 4.2 kilometers
    3. from the mid-Meiji period, defined as equal to 129,600⁄33 meters, approximately 3.927 kilometers or 2.44 miles

References

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  1. ^ Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局)

Old Japanese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Japonic *sato.

Unknown. Theories include a compound of either 小 (sa-, “short”) or 狭 (sa-, “narrow”) + 所 (to1 or to2, “place”) or 戸 (to1, “door”). Other theories have been suggested but are unlikely.[1][2]

Noun

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里 (sato1) (kana さと)

  1. a village
    • 711–712, Kojiki, Second scroll, Emperor Suinin:
      於是、圓野比賣慚言「同兄弟之中、以姿醜被還之事、聞於隣里、是甚慚。」而、到山代國之相樂時、取懸樹枝而欲死、故號其地謂懸木、今云相樂。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3782:
      安麻其毛理毛能母布等伎爾保等登芸須和我須武佐刀爾伎那伎等余母須
      amago2mori mo2no2'mopu to2ki1 ni poto2to2gi1su waga sumu sato1 ni ki1naki1to2yo2mosu
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system:
    1. a unit of area for regional administration, defined as equal to 50 戸 (ko, “houses”)
    2. a unit of distance, defined as equal to 300 歩 (bu) or 1500 尺 (shaku)
  3. one's home of birth
  4. one's hometown

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Japanese: 里 (さと, sato)

References

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  1. ^ “さと 【里・郷】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, pages 333-334

Vietnamese

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Han character

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里: Hán Việt readings: lý[1][2], lí[3]
里: Nôm readings: lý[2][4], lái[1], rưới[1], trẻ[1], lia[2], lí[3], lịa[3]

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
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