里

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See also: 裏, 裡, 黒, and 浬
里 U+91CC, 里
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CC
← 釋
[U+91CB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 重 →
[U+91CD]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
Hong Kong, Taiwan
里-order.gif
Stroke order
7 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
7 strokes
Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 166 里

里 (radical 166, 里+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 田土 (WG), four-corner 60104, composition ⿱田土)

  1. Kangxi radical #166, ⾥.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1291, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40131
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1791, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3680, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91CC

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 里
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
里-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (里) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
埋 *mrɯː
霾 *mrɯː
薶 *mrɯː
榸 *ʔr'ɯː
厘 *rɯ
狸 *rɯ
貍 *p·rɯ
梩 *rɯ
艃 *rɯ
里 *rɯʔ
理 *rɯʔ
鯉 *rɯʔ
俚 *rɯʔ
悝 *rɯʔ, *km̥ʰlɯː
娌 *rɯʔ
裏 *rɯʔ
荲 *r̥ʰɯɡ, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 田 (“field”) + 土 (“soil; earth”) – a measure of land and fields; mile; place.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 里
Wikipedia has articles on:

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/g-wa (“village”) (STEDT). Cognate with 丘 (OC *kʰʷɯ) "hill, mound" & 街 (OC *kreː, *kreː) "road crossing, street"; outsides Sinitic, cognate with Mizo khua (“village”), Lai khûa (“village, cosmos”), Burmese ရွာ (rwa, “village”); Schuessler (2007) also proposes cognacy with Tibetan ར་བ (ra ba, “fence, enclosure, wall, pen”) by pointing to a semantic parallel between English town and German Zaun (“fence”).

Alternatively, possibly related to 理 (lǐ) "to divide into equal sections", yet Schuessler also noted that early Chinese villages were not systematically planned and platted.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • li1 - unit of distance;
  • li3 - length.
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
    Rime
    Character 里
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 之 (19)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 良士切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lɨX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/lieX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lɨX/
    Li
    Rong         		/liəX/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭəX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/liX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lǐ
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 里
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lǐ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ liX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*(mə.)rəʔ/
    English li (measure of distance); village

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 里
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7826
    Phonetic
    component         		里
    Rime
    group         		之
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		里
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rɯʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    里

    1. li (a unit of distance equal to half a kilometre in modern Mainland China)
      公里  ―  gōnglǐ  ―  kilometre
    2. urban village (an administrative unit in the Republic of China)
    3. village (an administrative unit in Korea)
    4. lane (a type of road in Hong Kong)
    5. A surname​.

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (里):
    • → Japanese: 里(り) (ri)
    • → Korean: 리 (里, ri)
    • → Vietnamese: lý (里)

    Others:

    • English: li
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms from 里

    Etymology 2[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 里

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    里

    1. (Xiang) Particle indicating the word preceding it is used as an adverb.
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (chiefly Mandarin) 地 (dì)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 里 – see 裡 (“in; inside; during; within; etc.”).
    (This character, 里, is the simplified form of 裡.)
    Notes:

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    里

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    里
    さと
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    ⟨sato1⟩ → */satʷo/ → /sato/

    From Old Japanese.[1]

    Ultimately derivation unknown.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • (village, hometown): 郷

    Noun[edit]

    里(さと) • (sato) 

    1. a village
      Synonyms: 村 (mura), 村里 (murazato)
    2. a country house
    3. one's hometown
      Synonyms: 田舎 (inaka), 故郷 (kokyō)
    4. the country, countryside
    5. the original home of a household member (such as a wife, adoptee, or other person who has joined the household from outside)
    6. a separate home or boarding situation to which one's own children are sent for upbringing or education
    7. a red-light district
      Synonym: 遊里 (yūri)
    8. one's birth, parentage, origins
    9. (slang, red-light district) boorishness, hickishness
    10. the lay world (as opposed to life within a temple)
    11. (uncommon, historical, obsolete) Same as り (ri) below

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Adjective[edit]

    里(さと) • (sato) -na (adnominal 里(さと)な (sato na), adverbial 里(さと)に (sato ni))

    1. (slang, red-light district) boorish, hickish
    Inflection[edit]
    Inflection of 里
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 里だろ さとだろ sato daro
    Continuative (連用形) 里で さとで sato de
    Terminal (終止形) 里だ さとだ sato da
    Attributive (連体形) 里な さとな sato na
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 里なら さとなら sato nara
    Imperative (命令形) 里であれ さとであれ sato de are
    Key constructions
    Informal negative 里ではない
    里じゃない         		さとではない
    さとじゃない         		sato de wa nai
    sato ja nai
    Informal past 里だった さとだった sato datta
    Informal negative past 里ではなかった
    里じゃなかった         		さとではなかった
    さとじゃなかった         		sato de wa nakatta
    sato ja nakatta
    Formal 里です さとです sato desu
    Formal negative 里ではありません
    里じゃありません         		さとではありません
    さとじゃありません         		sato de wa arimasen
    sato ja arimasen
    Formal past 里でした さとでした sato deshita
    Formal negative past 里ではありませんでした
    里じゃありませんでした         		さとではありませんでした
    さとじゃありませんでした         		sato de wa arimasen deshita
    sato ja arimasen deshita
    Conjunctive 里で さとで sato de
    Conditional 里なら（ば） さとなら（ば） sato nara (ba)
    Provisional 里だったら さとだったら sato dattara
    Volitional 里だろう さとだろう sato darō
    Adverbial 里に さとに sato ni
    Degree 里さ さとさ satosa

    Proper noun[edit]

    里(さと) • (Sato) 

    1. a placename
    2. a surname
    3. a female given name

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    里
    り
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 里 (MC lɨX).

    Compare modern Chinese 里 (lǐ).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    里(り) • (ri) 

    1. a unit of distance:
      1. under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, defined as equal to 300 歩 (bu) or 1500 尺 (shaku)
      2. from the early modern until the end of the Edo period, defined as equal to 36 町 (chō), approximately between 3.6 to 4.2 kilometers
      3. from the mid-Meiji period, defined as equal to 129,600⁄33 meters, approximately 3.927 kilometers or 2.44 miles
    2. (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a unit of area for regional administration, equal to 50 戸 (ko, “houses”)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    里(り) • (ri) 

    1. village

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Various nanori readings.

    Proper noun[edit]

    里(さとし) • (Satoshi) 

    1. a male given name

    里(ざと) • (Zato) 

    1. a placename

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    里 (eumhun 마을 리 (ma-eul ri), South Korea 마을 이 (ma-eul i))

    1. village
    2. Hanja form? of 리 (“a li, a Korean "mile" of about 393 m”).

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Unknown.

    Noun[edit]

    里 (sato1) (kana さと)

    1. a village
      • 711–712, Kojiki (Second scroll, Emperor Suinin)
        於是、圓野比賣慚言「同兄弟之中、以姿醜被還之事、聞於隣里、是甚慚。」而、到山代國之相樂時、取懸樹枝而欲死、故號其地謂懸木、今云相樂。
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3782)
        安麻其毛理毛能母布等伎爾保等登芸須和我須武佐刀爾伎那伎等余母須
        amago2mori mo2no2'mopu to2ki1 ni poto2to2gi1su waga sumu sato1 ni ki1naki1to2yo2mosu
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    2. under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system:
      1. a unit of area for regional administration, defined as equal to 50 戸 (ko, “houses”)
      2. a unit of distance, defined as equal to 300 歩 (bu) or 1500 尺 (shaku)
    3. one's home of birth
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 6, poem 1026)
        百礒城乃大宮人者今日毛鴨暇无跡里爾不出將有
        momosiki no2 opomi1yapi1to2 pa ke1pu mo ka mo ito2ma wo nami1to2 sato1 ni idezu aramu
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    4. one's hometown
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 12, poem 3134)
        里離遠有莫國草枕旅登之思者尚戀來
        sato1 panare to2poku aranaku ni kusamakura tabi1 to2 si omopeba napo ko1pi2nike1ri
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese: 里 (さと, sato)

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    里: Hán Việt readings: lý[1][2], lí[3]
    里: Nôm readings: lý[2][4], lái[1], rưới[1], trẻ[1], lia[2], lí[3], lịa[3]

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).
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