士
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
士 (Kangxi radical 33, 士+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 十一 (JM), four-corner 40100, composition ⿱十一)
- Kangxi radical #33, ⼠.
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №9
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 242, character 38
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5638
- Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 38
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 416, character 1
- Unihan data for U+58EB
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
士 | |
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alternative forms | 土 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 士 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – axe-like tool; soldier.
Etymology 1[edit]
- "bachelor, man, male"
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- Reminiscent of Austroasiatic synonyms like Old Khmer si (“male”) or MK words for "man, male" like *ʔŋsiil, *ensir, *kəsəy on the Malay Peninsula; Schuessler (2007) noted that foreign *-r sometimes left traces in OC initial complex. These relations, if, valid, would keep 士1 "bachelor, man, male" distinct from 士2 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar".
- "take or give an office, serve", "servant", "retainer", "officer", "scholar"
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- Schuessler (2007) noted that one could naturally assume the semantic development "male > man > servant > to serve" in order to posit that 士1 "bachelor, man, male" is the same word as 士2 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar". Yet, the exopassive derivation 事 (OC *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs) "assignment, affair, thing" and Tibeto-Burman counterparts demonstrated no association with "man, maleness"; & "male" hardly derives from "to serve".
- Therefore, Schuessler derived these forms from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "envoy, jail official, matchmaker" & proposed ultimate Austroasiatic origins. In terms of phonology, MC *dʐ- normally does not occur with *l- and *ʂ in an ST word-family, apparently confirming a non-ST provenance; however, MC *dʐ- here could go back to OC *s-r- (unlike MC *ʂ-, which is from OC *sr)
- Subsequenly, Schuessler posited either relation to Austroasiatic or OC loan into Tibeto-Burman as Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ʔ-dzəj (“send on an errant”) (Matisoff, 2003), whence Burmese စာ (ca, “thing”) & Tibetan རྫས (rdzas, “thing, matter, object”) (Gong, 1999). Even so, Tibeto-Burman cognates of this etymon and 所 (suǒ) are difficult to distinguish.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
士
- (obsolete) unmarried male; bachelor
- 求我庶士、迨其吉兮。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Qiú wǒ shù shì, dài qí jí xī. [Pinyin]
- For those many bachelors who seek me, now is favorably timely.
- (obsolete) (honorific) man
- 女曰:「雞鳴。」士曰:「昧旦。」 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Nǚ yuē: “Jīmíng.” Shì yuē: “Mèidàn.” [Pinyin]
- I the wife say: "It is the cock-crow." Ye the husband say: "It is grey-dawn."
女曰:“鸡鸣。”士曰:“昧旦。” [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete) general; high-ranking military officer
- (obsolete) soldier; noncommissioned officer
- 士兵 ― shìbīng ― soldier
- (historical) scholar-official (civil servant appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance)
- (historical) self-appellation used by scholar-officials in ancient China, when addressing the emperor: I; subject
- (historical) a social stratum in ancient China
- 無恆產而有恆心者,惟士為能。若民,則無恆產,因無恆心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, circa 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wú héngchǎn ér yǒu héngxīn zhě, wéi shì wéi néng. Ruò mín, zé wú héngchǎn, yīn wú héngxīn. [Pinyin]
- They are only men of education (i.e., the shi), who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people (i.e. lower commoners), if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart.
无恒产而有恒心者,惟士为能。若民,则无恒产,因无恒心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 民之愚,不學而已;士之愚,則學非所學而益愚。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1903. Zou Rong, The Revolutionary Army
- Mín zhī yú, bù xué éryǐ; shì zhī yú, zé xué fēi suǒ xué ér yì yú. [Pinyin]
- The uneducated commoners are ignorant simply because they do not study. The shi studies what is not worth studying, thus he becomes even more stupid.
民之愚,不学而已;士之愚,则学非所学而益愚。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- scholar; academic; intellectual; intelligentsia
- (honorific, obsolete) suffix for a virtuous, knowledgeable or skilled person: commendable person
- (xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister (usually only on the black side, in some sets on both red and black sides)
- (obsolete) Alternative form of 仕 (shì, “to be an official”).
- A surname.
Usage notes[edit]
- 士 is commonly used to render the /s/ sound (not followed by a vowel) in foreign names, e.g. 威士忌 (wēishìjì, “whiskey”), 巴士 (bāshì, “bus”), which is from Cantonese usage.
Coordinate terms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 士
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Descendants[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 士 – see 土 (“earth; soil; dust; etc.”). (This character, 士, is a variant form of 土.) |
References[edit]
- “士”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740-002
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
士
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
Kanji in this term |
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士 |
し Grade: 5 |
on’yomi |
Etymology 1[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Suffix[edit]
- person with a certain qualification.
- 弁護士
- bengoshi
- a lawyer
- 会計士
- kaikeishi
- an accountant
- 弁護士
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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士 |
さむらい Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 士 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 士, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 士 (MC d͡ʒɨX).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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References[edit]
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