而
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
而 (Kangxi radical 126, 而+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一月中中 (MBLL), four-corner 10227, composition ⿱一𦓐 or ⿱丆𦉫)
- Kangxi radical #126, ⽽.
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/而
- 侕, 㖇, 峏, 㧫, 洏, 𭸄, 陑, 𨒩, 𣆝, 栭, 𭹄, 胹, 𮁮, 𥅡, 袻, 粫, 𥿶, 𦎂, 𫅺, 聏, 䛔, 輀(𮝵), 𩰴, 鮞(鲕), 𪎿
- 𤭃, 𨾿, 鴯(鸸), 恧, 𡜚, 荋, 斋, 𡭺, 𥬵, 需, 髵, 㾍, 𪊫, 𨴎, 𡄠
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 961, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28871
- Dae Jaweon: page 1409, character 17
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2810, character 1
- Unihan data for U+800C
Chinese[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
而 | |
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Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 而 | |||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – a beard. Original form of 耏 (OC *nɯːs, *njɯ) or 髵 (OC *njɯ).
Etymology[edit]
- "you; your"
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”). Cognate with 爾 (OC *njelʔ) and is considered a variant form thereof.
- "then", "and"
- Unstressed form of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ) (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 45).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
而
- and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives)
- 目逆而送之，曰：「美而豔。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Mù nì ér sòng zhī, yuē: “Měi ér yàn.” [Pinyin]
- (Huafu Du) kept ogling at her as if to receive her with his gaze, then at her departing figure, saying "How beautiful, and how gorgeous."
目逆而送之，曰：“美而艳。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- then (connecting two verbs or verb-phrases); and
- and yet; but; nevertheless (conjunction indicating concession or contrast)
- 君子易知而難狎，易懼而難脅，畏患而不避義死，欲利而不為所非，交親而不比，言辯而不辭。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
- Jūnzǐ yì zhī ér nán xiá, yì jù ér nán xié, wèi huàn ér bùbì yìsǐ, yù lì ér bùwéi suǒfēi, jiāo qīn ér bù bǐ, yán biàn ér bù cí. [Pinyin]
- Those who are superior in character can be easily understood but cannot be approached with inappropriate familiarity; they are often timid and cautious, but cannot be threatened; they fear peril but are ready to die for a righteous cause; they desire what is beneficial, but choose not to achieve it by means they disapprove of; they befriend acquaintances but do not form cliques; they speak with eloquence but without flourish.
君子易知而难狎，易惧而难胁，畏患而不避义死，欲利而不为所非，交亲而不比，言辩而不辞。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to (often used with 自)
- particle between adverbial element and verb to indicate cause, purpose, or manner
- 半途而廢／半途而废 ― bàntú'érfèi ― to give up halfway
- 不幸而言中 ― bùxìng'éryánzhòng ― to make an accurate prediction despite its unfortunate nature
- particle between two verbs or verb phrases indicating that the first is used adverbially
- 不得其門而入／不得其门而入 ― bùdéqímén'érrù ― to fail to understand (literally, "to be unable to enter by finding the gate")
- 浴乎沂，風乎舞雩，詠而歸。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yù hū Yí, fēng hū Wǔyú, yǒng ér guī. [Pinyin]
- [I would] bathe in the Yi, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home singing.
浴乎沂，风乎舞雩，咏而归。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 如有不嗜殺人者，則天下之民皆引領而望之矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Rú yǒu bùshì shārén zhě, zé tiānxià zhī mín jiē yǐnlǐng ér wàng zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
- If there were one who did not find pleasure in killing men, all the people in the nation would look towards him with outstretched necks.
如有不嗜杀人者，则天下之民皆引领而望之矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- modal particle indicating hypothetical condition
- 人而無禮，胡不遄死？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Rén ér wúlǐ, hú bù chuán sǐ? [Pinyin]
- If a man observe no rules of propriety,
Why does he not quickly die?
人而无礼，胡不遄死？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 假令晏子而在，余雖爲之執鞭，所忻慕焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Jiǎlìng Yànzǐ ér zài, yú suī wèizhī zhíbiān, suǒ xīnmù yān. [Pinyin]
- Were Yan Ying alive, even if I were to be a coachman for him, there shall be where my joy and admiration lie.
假令晏子而在，余虽为之执鞭，所忻慕焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- modal particle indicating tendency or immediate action
- 此三子者，皆布衣之士也；懷怒未發，休祲降於天，與臣而將四矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
- Cǐ sān zǐ zhě, jiē bùyī zhī shì yě; huái nù wèi fā, xiū jìn jiàng yú tiān, yǔ chén ér jiāng sì yǐ. [Pinyin]
- All of those three worthy men were heroes among humble commoners who, having not even released their wrath, saw omens auspicious to their heroic deeds and ruinous to their opponents dispatched by Heaven. Now, with me, there is about to be a fourth.
此三子者，皆布衣之士也；怀怒未发，休祲降于天，与臣而将四矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) you; your
Synonyms[edit]
See also[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 而
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
而
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: に (ni)
- Kan-on: じ (ji)
- Kun: しこうして (shikōshite, 而して)←しかうして (sikausite, 而して, historical); しかして (shikashite, 而して); しかも (shikamo, 而も); しかるに (shikaruni, 而るに); しかれども (shikaredomo, 而れども); すなわち (sunawachi, 而ち)←すなはち (sunafati, 而ち, historical); なんじ (nanji, 而)←なんぢ (nandi, 而, historical)
Etymology[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 而 |
| じ Jinmeiyō |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 而 (MC ȵɨ).
Compounds[edit]
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
而 (eumhun 말 이을 이 (mal ieul i))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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而 (eumhun 능히 능 (neunghi neung))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
而: Hán Việt readings: nhi[1], năng[1]
而: Nôm readings: nhi
References[edit]
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-して
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-も
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-るに
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか-れども
- Japanese kanji with kun reading すなわ-ち
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading すなは-ち
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