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U+98A8, 風
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98A8

[U+98A7]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+98A9]
U+2FB5, ⾵
KANGXI RADICAL WIND

[U+2FB4]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FB6]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 182, +0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓竹中戈 (HNHLI) or 竹弓一中戈 (HNMLI), four-corner 77210, composition 𠘨)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1411, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43756
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1930, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4480, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98A8

Chinese[edit]

trad.
simp.
alternative forms

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *plum, *plums): phonetic (OC *bom) + semantic (insects). Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).

In the oracle bone script, the character (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The in the Chu script and Qin script of was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012)

Etymology[edit]

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (wind) (STEDT). Velar nasal final , restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.

Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.

Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).

Cognate with:

  • 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
  • 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also (OC *b·ruːm), (OC *b·uːm))
  • (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
  • (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
  • (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Pronunciation 1[edit]


Note:
  • Quanzhou, Jinjiang:
    • hoang - vernacular;
    • hong - literary;.
  • png/puiⁿ - in 風時雨风时雨 and some other compounds.
Note:
  • huang1 - vernacular;
  • hong1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /fəŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /fəŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /fəŋ²¹/
    Jinan /fəŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /fəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /fəŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /fəŋ²¹/
    Xining /fə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /fəŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /fə̃n³¹/
    Ürümqi /fɤŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /foŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /foŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /foŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /foŋ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /fən³¹/
    Hefei /fəŋ²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /fəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /fə̃ŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /foŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /foŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /foŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /hoŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /fʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /fan¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /xoŋ³³/
    Xiangtan /ɸən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /fuŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /fuŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /foŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /fuŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /fuŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hɔŋ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /huŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xɔŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /hoŋ³³/
    /huaŋ³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /foŋ²³/
    /huaŋ²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (1)
    Final () (2)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter pjuwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /pɨuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /piuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /piuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /puwŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /piuŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /pĭuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /pi̯uŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    fēng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    fung1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    fēng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ pjuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*prəm/
    English wind (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 2921
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*plum/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. wind (Classifier: m;  m)
        ―  fēng  ―  wind and rain; hardships
        ―  kuángfēng  ―  gale
      外面外面  ―  wàimiàn fēng hěn dà  ―  It's very windy outside.
    2. to air-dry
    3. (in compounds) air-dried
        ―  fēng  ―  air-dried chicken
    4. general mood; custom
        ―  fēng  ―  customs
        ―  wāifēng  ―  unhealthy trend
    5. demeanour
        ―  fēngfàn  ―  manner
        ―  fēng  ―  elegance
    6. cultivation; moralisation
        ―  fēngjiào  ―  cultivation
    7. style; manner
        ―  fēng  ―  style
        ―  wénfēng  ―  writing style
    8. (in compounds) scene; scenery
        ―  fēngjǐng  ―  scenery
        ―  fēngguāng  ―  scenery
        ―  fēng  ―  scenery
    9. news; information
        ―  fēngshēng  ―  news
      報信报信  ―  tōngfēngbàoxìn  ―  to secretly pass on information to others
      而動而动  ―  wénfēng'érdòng  ―  to act at once on hearing the news
    10. love; affection; to become sexually attracted; to copulate
        ―  fēngyuè  ―  romance
        ―  fēngqíng  ―  amorous feelings
      馬牛不相及马牛不相及  ―  fēng mǎ niú bù xiàngjí  ―  irrelevant
    11. dissolute; promiscuous
        ―  fēngliú  ―  dissolute
        ―  fēngsāo  ―  flirtatious behaviour
    12. ungrounded; baseless
        ―  fēngyánfēng  ―  slanderous gossip
    13. one of the three sections of Shijing, consisting of ballads
    14. (in general) folk song; ballad
        ―  cǎifēng  ―  to collect folk songs
    15. (obsolete) Alternative form of (fēng, “mad; insane”).
        ―  fēngbìng  ―  psychiatric illness
    16. (traditional Chinese medicine) one of the "Six Excesses" (六淫) that cause diseases in traditional Chinese medicine
        ―  fēnghán  ―  wind chill
      湿  ―  fēngshī  ―  rheumatic
    17. (traditional Chinese medicine) a type of diseases that are typically acute
        ―  tòngfēng  ―  gout
        ―  zhòngfēng  ―  stroke
    18. (Cantonese) rumour
    19. (Hokkien) minty
    20. (Philippines Hokkien) spicy
    21. a surname. Feng; Fung
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (spicy):

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (ふう) ()
    • Korean: 풍(風) (pung)
    • Vietnamese: phong ()

    Others:

    Pronunciation 2[edit]



    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (1)
    Final () (2)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter pjuwngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /pɨuŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /piuŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /piuŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /puwŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /piuŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /pĭuŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /pi̯uŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    fèng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    fung3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    fèng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ pjuwngH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*prəm-s/
    English blow; criticize

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 2929
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*plums/
    Notes

    Definitions[edit]

    1. (obsolete) to blow; to fan
    2. (obsolete) to influence; to reform a misguided person through persuasion
        ―  fèngmín  ―  to cultivate the masses

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]



    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (1)
    Final () (2)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter pjuwngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /pɨuŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /piuŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /piuŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /puwŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /piuŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /pĭuŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /pi̯uŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    fèng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    fung3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    fèng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ pjuwngH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*prəm-s/
    English blow; criticize

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 2929
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*plums/
    Notes

    Definitions[edit]

    1. Alternative form of (fěng, “to criticize; to mock; to ridicule; to satire”).
    2. Alternative form of (fěng, “to advise in mild tone and indirect manner”).
        ―  fěngquàn  ―  to advise
        ―  fěng  ―  to advise in mild tone

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. wind
    2. custom, influence
    3. transmission
    4. satire
    5. gossip
    6. Alternative spelling of (): recite
    7. appearance, form, style
    8. taste, charm
    9. poetry, folk song
    10. illness, sickness
    11. drooping

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    かぜ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kansay.

    Derived from combining form kaza + (i, ancient nominal particle).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (かぜ) (kaze

    1. wind (movement of air)
      (すず)しい(かぜ)()
      Suzushii kaze ga fuku.
      A cool wind blows.
    2. airs
    3. a style
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Shift from Old Japanese (​ti), modern chi, found in some compounds.[1]

    Affix[edit]

    () (te

    1. element in compounds related to wind
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    ふう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    /puː//fuː/

    From Middle Chinese (MC pɨuŋ).

    In Old Japanese, this kanji was used to transcribe the 借音 (shakuon) kana of ⟨pu⟩ and ⟨bu⟩ in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (ふう) (

    1. a style
      中国(ちゅうごく)(ふう)
      Chūgoku-
      China-style
      そんな(ふう)()ってくれてありがとう
      Sonna ni ittekurete arigatō.
      Thank you for telling me that.
      (literally, “Thank you for telling me that in that way.”)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    ふり
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    /puri//furi/

    From Old Japanese.

    The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 振る (furu, to swing).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (ふり) (furi

    1. a swing
    Derived terms[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    (ふり) (-furi

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC pɨuŋ).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 바람 (baram pung))

    1. Hanja form? of (wind).
    2. Hanja form? of (look; style).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    : Hán Nôm readings: phong, phông

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.