hong

See also: hōng, hóng, hőng, hǒng, hòng, hông, hồng, Hong, Høng, and Hồng

English

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

hong

1. (obsolete) past of hang
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     Lyke an huge cave hewne out of rocky clifte,
     From whose rough vaut the ragged breaches hong

Etymology 2

From Cantonese 行 (hong4, “trade, business”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Could someone with knowledge of Cantonese verify this etymology? Is it a shortening of 洋行”)

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /hɒŋ/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /hɔŋ/
  • (cot–caught merger) IPA^(key): /hɑŋ/
• Rhymes: -ɒŋ

Noun

hong (plural hongs)

1. A foreign trading company in China.
   • 1901, Hezekiah Butterworth, “1.Strange Things to Be Seen in China – Jataka Tales – the Boxers – American Tea-farms”, in Traveller Tales of China or the Story-Telling Hongs, Boston: Dana Estes & Company, page 11:

     "You and your son are about to visit China," said a Chinese agent of an old and established hong in Canton. […] The speaker was Ah Hue, or Ah Hue-Ling. He had made a reputation for honorable dealing as an agent of the tea trade.

   • 1935, William Ukers, All About Tea:

     In this partly manufactured state they are sold to collectors, who re-sell them to tea hongs, or factories, and these hongs in turn resell to middlemen, who supply the foreign exporter.

   • 1997 August 7, “Superman versus the hong”, in The Economist‎^[1], →ISSN:

     Even though China's red flag now flutters above them, some 40% of the offices are still owned by Hongkong Land, an immensely wealthy company that is part of the Jardine Matheson group, the biggest of the British-owned “hongs” and the one that did most to establish the British territory.

See also

etymologicaly unrelated terms

• hongbao
• hong boat

Anagrams

• Gohn

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from Hokkien 鳳凰／凤凰 (hōng-hông, “fenghuang”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈhoŋ/ [ˈhoŋ]
• Rhymes: -oŋ
• Syllabification: hong

Noun

hong (plural hong-hong)

1. (Chinese mythology) fenghuang: a mythological Chinese chimerical bird whose physical body symbolizes the six celestial bodies

   Synonym: fenghuang

2. (mythology) phoenix: a mythological bird, said to be the only one of its kind, which lives for 500 years and then dies by burning to ashes on a pyre of its own making, ignited by the sun. It then arises anew from the ashes

   Synonyms: feniks, foniks, funiks

Further reading

• “hong” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Irish

Noun

hong m

1. h-prothesized form of ong

Verb

hong

1. h-prothesized form of ong

Ludian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *honka. Cognates include Finnish honka.

Noun

hong

1. forest pine

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Makasar

Etymology

From Dutch gom (“gum; eraser”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhoŋ/, [ˈhõŋ]
• Hyphenation: hong

Noun

hong (Lontara spelling ᨖᨚ)

1. an eraser

Compounds

• hong dawaʼ
• hong potoloʼ

Further reading

• Cense, A. A. (1979) Makassaars-Nederlands woordenboek, 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Mandarin

Romanization

hong

1. nonstandard spelling of hōng
2. nonstandard spelling of hóng
3. nonstandard spelling of hǒng
4. nonstandard spelling of hòng

Usage notes

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Palauan

Etymology

From Japanese 本 (hon).

Noun

hong

1. book

References

• hong in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
• hong in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
• hong in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 91.

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *honka.

Noun

hong

1. old or dead forest pine

Declension

Inflection of hong (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	hong
genitive sing.	hongan
partitive sing.	hongad
partitive plur.	hongid
	singular	plural
nominative	hong	hongad
accusative	hongan	hongad
genitive	hongan	hongiden
partitive	hongad	hongid
essive-instructive	hongan	hongin
translative	hongaks	hongikš
inessive	hongas	hongiš
elative	hongaspäi	hongišpäi
illative	hongaha	hongihe
adessive	hongal	hongil
ablative	hongalpäi	hongilpäi
allative	hongale	hongile
abessive	hongata	hongita
comitative	honganke	hongidenke
prolative	hongadme	hongidme
approximative I	honganno	hongidenno
approximative II	hongannoks	hongidennoks
egressive	hongannopäi	hongidennopäi
terminative I	hongahasai	hongihesai
terminative II	hongalesai	hongilesai
terminative III	hongassai	—
additive I	hongahapäi	hongihepäi
additive II	hongalepäi	hongilepäi

Vietnamese

Etymology

Compare Chinese 烘 (hōng), Thai แห้ง (hɛ̂ɛng).

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [hawŋ͡m˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [hawŋ͡m˧˧] ~ [hɔŋ˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [hawŋ͡m˧˧]

Verb

hong • (𣈞, 𤈤)

1. to dry (in the wind, sun, or near the fire)

Zhuang

Pronunciation

• (Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /hoːŋ˨˦/
• Tone numbers: hong¹
• Hyphenation: hong

Etymology 1

From Chinese 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Noun

hong (Sawndip forms 𰏊 or ⿱功大 or 慌 or ⿰工空 or ⿱红工 or 啌 or 空 or 康 or 𭘎 or ⿱䒑巷 or 控, 1957–1982 spelling hoŋ)

1. work; labor

   Synonym: goeng

Derived terms

• hongranz

Etymology 2

From Proto-Tai *χɔːŋᴬ (“thing”). Cognate with Thai ของ (kɔ̌ɔng), Northern Thai ᨡᩬᨦ, Lao ຂອງ (khǭng), Lü ᦃᦸᧂ (ẋoang), Tai Dam ꪄꪮꪉ, Shan ၶွင် (khǎung), Zuojiang Zhuang kong.

Noun

hong (1957–1982 spelling hoŋ)

1. (dialectal) thing; object

   Synonyms: doenghyiengh, doxgaiq, (dialectal) swhyiengh

Zou

Verb

hong

1. open

References

• http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf