空
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
空 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 863, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
- Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2719, character 8
- Unihan data for U+7A7A
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 空 | |
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simp. # | 空 | |
alternative forms | 𠀝 𫞹 𢦉 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 空 |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Small seal script |
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Old Chinese | |
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缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
贑 | *kluːmʔ |
涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
江 | *kroːŋ |
肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
扛 | *kroːŋ |
杠 | *kroːŋ |
豇 | *kroːŋ |
茳 | *kroːŋ |
釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
矼 | *kroːŋ |
玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
功 | *koːŋ |
工 | *koːŋ |
疘 | *koːŋ |
魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
愩 | *koːŋ |
碽 | *koːŋ |
貢 | *koːŋs |
羾 | *koːŋs |
空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
鞏 | *koŋʔ |
巩 | *koŋʔ |
銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
筇 | *ɡoŋ |
桏 | *ɡoŋ |
邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Definitions[edit]
空
- empty; hollow; void
- exhausted; emptied
- open; spacious; vast
- quiet and still; secluded
- lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
- (Min Dong) hungry
- air; sky; atmosphere
- space; outer space; cosmos; universe
- (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
- (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
- in vain; for nothing
- only (left, remain, etc.)
- to exhaust
- to miss the target
- (Min Nan, Taiwanese Hakka) hole; cavity
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Pronunciation 2[edit]
Definitions[edit]
空
- to make empty; to impoverish
- to leave empty; to leave blank
- vacant; unoccupied; available
- spare time; free time; leisure
- empty space; room
- (of time) gap; interval; break
- chance; opportunity
- (Min Nan) zero
Synonyms[edit]
- (zero):
Variety | Location | Words |
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Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 零, 洞 as a digit | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 零 |
Taiwan | 零 | |
Harbin | 零 | |
Muping | 零 | |
Jinan | 零 | |
Luoyang | 零 | |
Xi'an | 零 | |
Yinchuan | 零 | |
Lanzhou | 零 | |
Xining | 零 | |
Ürümqi | 零 | |
Wuhan | 零 | |
Chengdu | 零 | |
Guiyang | 零 | |
Liuzhou | 零 | |
Xuzhou | 零 | |
Yangzhou | 零 | |
Nanjing | 零 | |
Malaysia | 零 | |
Singapore | 零 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 零 |
Hong Kong | 零 | |
Macau | 零 | |
Dongguan | 零 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 零 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 零 | |
Gan | Lichuan | 零 |
Pingxiang | 零 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 零 |
Yudu | 零 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 零 | |
Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) | 零 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) | 零 | |
Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) | 零 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) | 零 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) | 零 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 零 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 零 |
Xinzhou | 零 | |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 零 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 零, 環 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 空, 零 |
Quanzhou | 空 | |
Zhangzhou | 空 | |
Taipei | 空 | |
Kaohsiung | 空 | |
Tainan | 空 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 空 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 空 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 空 | |
Chaozhou | 空 | |
Shantou | 空 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 空 | |
Leizhou | 零 | |
Wenchang | 空, 零 | |
Haikou | 空, 零 | |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 零 |
Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 零 |
Suzhou | 零 | |
Hangzhou | 零 | |
Ningbo | 零 | |
Wenzhou | 零 | |
Jinhua | 零 |
- (spare time):
- (empty): (Cantonese) 吉
Compounds[edit]
Pronunciation 3[edit]
Definitions[edit]
空
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- “空”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02955
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: く (ku); くう (kū, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こう (kō)
- Kun: あく (aku, 空く, Jōyō); あける (akeru, 空ける, Jōyō); から (kara, 空, Jōyō); そら (sora, 空, Jōyō); うつける (utsukeru, 空ける); うつ (utsu, 空); うつお (utsuo, 空); うつぼ (utsubo, 空); うつろ (utsuro, 空ろ); うろ (uro, 空); すく (suku, 空く); むなしい (munashii, 空しい); あな (ana, 空)
- Nanori: たか (taka)
Compounds[edit]
- 空穂 (utsubo)
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
そら Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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虚 |
⟨so1ra⟩ → */sʷora/ → /sora/
From Old Japanese, apparently from Proto-Japonic *suwara.
Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
から Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with 殻 (kara, “shell”).[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
- something empty
- 空箱 ― karabako ― empty box
- ineffectual
- 空振り ― karaburi ― in vain
- false
- 空元気 ― karagenki ― bravado
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
くう Grade: 1 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- empty air
- meaninglessness
- (Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
- (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”) and the highest of the five elements
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
うろ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see 虚. (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: 虚.)
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
うつお Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see 虚. (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: 虚.)
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
うつぼ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see うつぼ. (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: うつぼ.)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).
Hanja[edit]
0 | 1 → | |
---|---|---|
Sino-Korean: 영 (yeong), 령 (ryeong), 공 (gong) (as digit, not number) Hanja: 零, 空 |
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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空 |
すら Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with Japanese 空 (sora).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
空: Hán Việt readings: không (
空: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]
- chữ Hán form of không (“empty; void”).
- chữ Hán form of không (“air; sky”).
- Nôm form of không (“zero; none”).
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
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