空

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See also: 🈳
空 U+7A7A, 空
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A
← 穹
[U+7A79] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 穻 →
[U+7A7B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

空 (radical 116 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 863, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2719, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7A7A

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 空
alt. forms 𠀝

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 空
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
空-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • kĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • kŭng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khang - vernacular;
    • khong - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 空
    Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Jinan /kʰuŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Xining /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /kʰũn³¹/
    Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /kʰoŋ/
    Nanjing /kʰoŋ³¹/
    Hefei /kʰəŋ²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /kʰuŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /kʰan¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ³³/
    Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
    /kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰøyŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
    /kɔŋ³³/ ～闲
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰoŋ³³/
    /kʰaŋ³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /xoŋ²³/
    /xaŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 空
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦紅切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kōng
    Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 空
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰˤoŋ/
    English hollow, empty; hole

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 空
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4034
    Phonetic
    component         		工
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		空
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰoːŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    空

    1. empty; hollow; void
      這箱子是空的。 / 这箱子是空的。  ―  Zhè xiāngzi shì kōng de.  ―  This box is empty.
    2. exhausted; emptied
    3. open; spacious; vast
    4. quiet and still; secluded
    5. lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
      空話 / 空话  ―  kōnghuà  ―  empty talk
    6. (Min Dong) hungry
    7. air; sky; atmosphere
      空氣 / 空气  ―  kōngqì  ―  air; atmosphere
      天空  ―  tiānkōng  ―  the sky
      • 航空  ―  hángkōng  ―  aviation
      • 空調 / 空调  ―  kōngtiáo  ―  air conditioning
    8. space; outer space; cosmos; universe
      太空  ―  tàikōng  ―  outer space
    9. (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
    10. (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
    11. in vain; for nothing
    12. only (left, remain, etc.)
    13. to exhaust
    14. to miss the target
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (hungry):
    Dialectal synonyms of 餓 (“hungry”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 飢、餓
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 餓、飢餓
    Mandarin Beijing 餓
    Taiwan 餓
    Tianjin 餓
    Harbin 餓
    Shenyang 餓
    Jinan 餓
    Xi'an 飢、餓
    Wuhan 餓
    Chengdu 餓
    Yangzhou 餓
    Hefei 餓
    Cantonese Guangzhou 肚餓
    Hong Kong 肚餓
    Taishan 肚飢
    Gan Nanchang 餓
    Hakka Meixian 肚飢、餓
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 肚飢、肚枵
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 肚飢
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 肚屎枵、肚枵
    Dongshi (Dabu) 肚枵、肚屎枵、肚飢
    Zhuolan (Raoping) 肚枵、肚屎枵
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 屎肚枵
    Jin Taiyuan 餓
    Min Dong Fuzhou 空、枵 dated
    Min Nan Xiamen 枵
    Quanzhou 枵
    Zhangzhou 枵
    Taipei 枵
    Kaohsiung 枵
    Chaozhou 肚困
    Wu Suzhou 餓
    Wenzhou 餓
    Xiang Changsha 餓、䐬
    Shuangfeng 肚䐬、餓 intensified

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 空

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note: hung3 - rare.
    Note:
    • káe̤ng - vernacular;
    • kóng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khòng - literary;
    • khàng - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 空
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦貢切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰuŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰuŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰuŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəwŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰuŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰuŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰuŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kòng
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 空
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4045
    Phonetic
    component         		工
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		控
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰoːŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    空

    1. to make empty; to impoverish
    2. to leave empty; to leave blank
    3. vacant; unoccupied; available
    4. spare time; free time; leisure
      我今天有空。  ―  Wǒ jīntiān yǒu kòng.  ―  I'm free today.
    5. empty space; room
    6. gap; chance; opportunity
    7. (Min Nan) zero

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 空

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    空

    1. † Alternative form of 孔 (kǒng, “hole; cave; mouth”).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    空

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. sky
    2. empty, hollow, bare, void, deserted
    Readings[edit]
    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    そら
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana そら, rōmaji sora)

    1. the sky
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (the sky): 天 (てん, ​ten)
    Related terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    から
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with 殻 (から) (kara, “shell”).[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana から, rōmaji kara)

    1. empty
      空 (から)箱 (ばこ) (karabako, “empty box”)
    2. ineffectual
      空 (から)振 (ぶ)り (karaburi, “in vain”)
    3. false
      空 (から)元 (げん)気 (き) (karagenki, “bravado”)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    くう
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana くう, rōmaji kū)

    1. empty air
    2. meaninglessness
    3. (Buddhism) shunya (Śūnyatā): emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
    4. (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai; lit. "great five); also known as 天 (そら, sora), of particular importance as the highest of the five elements

    Etymology 4[edit]

    EB1911 - Volume 01 - Page 001 - 1.svg This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
    Kanji in this term
    空
    うろ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana うろ, rōmaji uro)

    1. cavity, hole

    Etymology 5[edit]

    EB1911 - Volume 01 - Page 001 - 1.svg This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
    Kanji in this term
    空
    うつお
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    /utuho/: utupo → utuɸo → utuwo → utuo. See also 空 (utsubo).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana うつお, rōmaji utsuo, historical hiragana うつほ)

    1. Alternative form of うろ

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    うつぼ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Similar etymology to 空 (utsuo). As /h/ gradually changed from [p] → [ɸ] → [w] → [Ø], the phoneme was voiced to [b] in order to maintain it.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana うつぼ, rōmaji utsubo)

    1. Alternative form of うろ

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    空 (gong)

    • Eumhun:
      • Sound (hangeul): 공 (revised: gong, McCune-Reischauer: kong, Yale: kong)
      • Name (hangeul): 빌 (revised: bil)
    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    空 (không, khỏng, cung, khung)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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