空

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See also: 🈳
空 U+7A7A, 空
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A
← 穹
[U+7A79] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 穻 →
[U+7A7B]
Emoji u1f233.svg
🈳 U+1F233, 🈳
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A
← 🈲
[U+1F232] 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🈴 →
[U+1F234]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

空 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 863, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2719, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7A7A

Chinese[edit]

trad. 空
simp. # 空
alternative forms 𠀝
𫞹
𢦉

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 空
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
空-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ्‌ (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • kĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • kŭng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khang - vernacular;
    • khong - literary.
    Note:
    • kang1 - vernacular;
    • kong1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: kong1 / kong4
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /kʰʊŋ³³/, /kʰʊŋ⁴⁵/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /kʰən³³/, /kʰən⁴⁵/
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 空
    Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Jinan /kʰuŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Xining /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /kʰũn³¹/
    Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /kʰoŋ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /kʰoŋ³¹/
    Hefei /kʰəŋ²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /kʰuŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /kʰan¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ³³/
    Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
    /kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰøyŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
    /kɔŋ³³/ ～闲
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰoŋ³³/
    /kʰaŋ³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /xoŋ²³/
    /xaŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 空
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦紅切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hung1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 空
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰˁoŋ/
    English hollow, empty; hole

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 空
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4034
    Phonetic
    component         		工
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		空
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰoːŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    空

    1. empty; hollow; void
      這箱子是空的。 / 这箱子是空的。  ―  Zhè xiāngzi shì kōng de.  ―  This box is empty.
      在盒子裡有些空瓶。 [MSC, trad.]
      在盒子里有些空瓶。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zài hézi lǐ yǒu xiē kōng píng. [Pinyin]
      There are some empty bottles in the box.
    2. exhausted; emptied
    3. open; spacious; vast
    4. quiet and still; secluded
    5. lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
      空話 / 空话  ―  kōnghuà  ―  empty talk
    6. (Min Dong) hungry
    7. air; sky; atmosphere
      空氣 / 空气  ―  kōngqì  ―  air; atmosphere
      天空  ―  tiānkōng  ―  the sky
      航空  ―  hángkōng  ―  aviation
      空調 / 空调  ―  kōngtiáo  ―  air conditioning
    8. space; outer space; cosmos; universe
      太空  ―  tàikōng  ―  outer space
      空間 / 空间  ―  kōngjiān  ―  space
    9. (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
    10. (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
    11. in vain; for nothing
    12. only (left, remain, etc.)
    13. to exhaust
    14. to miss the target
    15. (Min Nan, Taiwanese Hakka) hole; cavity
    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note: hung3 - rare.
    Note:
    • káe̤ng - vernacular;
    • kóng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khòng - literary (including “zero”);
    • khàng - vernacular.
    Note: kang3 - “zero”.
    Rime
    Character 空
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦貢切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰuŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰuŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰuŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəwŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰuŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰuŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰuŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hung3
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 空
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4045
    Phonetic
    component         		工
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		控
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰoːŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    空

    1. to make empty; to impoverish
    2. to leave empty; to leave blank
    3. vacant; unoccupied; available
      有空房間嗎？ / 有空房间吗？  ―  Yǒu kòng fángjiān ma?  ―  Is there any vacant room?
      這個位子空著嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
      这个位子空着吗？ [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè ge wèizǐ kòng zhe ma? [Pinyin]
      Is this seat available?
    4. spare time; free time; leisure
      我今天有空。  ―  Wǒ jīntiān yǒu kòng.  ―  I'm free today.
      你下午有空嗎？ / 你下午有空吗？  ―  Nǐ xiàwǔ yǒu kòng ma?  ―  Are you free this afternoon?
      現在醫生沒空。 / 现在医生没空。  ―  Xiànzài yīshēng méi kòng.  ―  The doctor is not available now.
    5. empty space; room
      再擠個人進來行嗎？車裡還有空嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
      再挤个人进来行吗？车里还有空吗？ [MSC, simp.]
      Zài jǐ ge rén jìnlái xíng ma? Chē lǐ hái yǒu kòng ma? [Pinyin]
      Can you fit in another person? Is there room in the car?
    6. (of time) gap; interval; break
      Synonyms: 間隙／间隙 (jiànxì), 間隔／间隔 (jiàngé)
    7. chance; opportunity
    8. (Min Nan) zero
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (zero):
    Dialectal synonyms of 零 (“zero”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 零, 洞 as a digit
    Mandarin Beijing 零
    Taiwan 零
    Harbin 零
    Muping 零
    Jinan 零
    Luoyang 零
    Xi'an 零
    Yinchuan 零
    Lanzhou 零
    Xining 零
    Ürümqi 零
    Wuhan 零
    Chengdu 零
    Guiyang 零
    Liuzhou 零
    Xuzhou 零
    Yangzhou 零
    Nanjing 零
    Malaysia 零
    Singapore 零
    Cantonese Guangzhou 零
    Hong Kong 零
    Macau 零
    Dongguan 零
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 零
    Singapore (Guangfu) 零
    Gan Lichuan 零
    Pingxiang 零
    Hakka Meixian 零
    Yudu 零
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 零
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 零
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 零
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 零
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 零
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 零
    Huizhou Jixi 零
    Jin Taiyuan 零
    Xinzhou 零
    Min Bei Jian'ou 零
    Min Dong Fuzhou 零, 環
    Min Nan Xiamen 空, 零
    Quanzhou 空
    Zhangzhou 空
    Taipei 空
    Kaohsiung 空
    Tainan 空
    Penang (Hokkien) 空
    Singapore (Hokkien) 空
    Manila (Hokkien) 空
    Chaozhou 空
    Shantou 空
    Singapore (Teochew) 空
    Leizhou 零
    Wenchang 空, 零
    Haikou 空, 零
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 零
    Wu Shanghai (Chongming) 零
    Suzhou 零
    Hangzhou 零
    Ningbo 零
    Wenzhou 零
    Jinhua 零
    • (spare time):
    edit
    Synonyms of 空
    • (empty): (Cantonese) 吉

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    空

    1. † Alternative form of 孔 (kǒng, “hole; cave; mouth”).

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (空):
    • → Japanese: 空(くう) (kū)
    • → Korean: 공 (空, gong)
    • → Vietnamese: không (空)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    空

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]
    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    そら
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    虚

    ⟨so1ra⟩ → */sʷora/ → /sora/

    From Old Japanese, apparently from Proto-Japonic *suwara.

    Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空(そら) • (sora) 

    1. the sky
      Synonym: 天 (ten)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    から
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with 殻 (kara, “shell”).[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    空(から) • (kara) 

    1. something empty
      空(から)箱(ばこ) ― karabako ― empty box
    2. ineffectual
      空(から)振(ぶ)り ― karaburi ― in vain
    3. false
      空(から)元(げん)気(き) ― karagenki ― bravado
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    くう
    Grade: 1
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).

    The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空(くう) • (kū) 

    1. empty air
    2. meaninglessness
    3. (Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
    4. (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”) and the highest of the five elements
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    うろ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see 虚.
    (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

    (The following entry is uncreated: 虚.)

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    うつお
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see 虚.
    (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

    (The following entry is uncreated: 虚.)

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    うつぼ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see うつぼ.
    (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

    (The following entry is uncreated: うつぼ.)

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean numbers (edit)
    0 1  → 
        Sino-Korean: 영 (yeong), 령 (ryeong), 공 (gong) (as digit, not number)
        Hanja: 零, 空
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    空 (eumhun 빌 공 (bil gong))

    1. Hanja form? of 공 (“empty; void”).
    2. Hanja form? of 공 (“sky; air”).
    3. Hanja form? of 공 (“zero”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    空

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    空
    すら
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with Japanese 空 (sora).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    空 (hiragana すら, rōmaji sura)

    1. (literary) the sky, heavens

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    空: Hán Việt readings: không (枯(khô)公(công)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    空: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]

    1. chữ Hán form of không (“empty; void”).
    2. chữ Hán form of không (“air; sky”).
    3. Nôm form of không (“zero; none”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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