空

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空 U+7A7A, 空
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A
← 穹
[U+7A79]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 穻 →
[U+7A7B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

空 (radical 116 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 863, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2719, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7A7A

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 空
alt. forms 𠀝

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 空
Small seal script
空-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 kluːmʔ
涳 ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 kroːŋ
肛 kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 kroːŋ
杠 kroːŋ
豇 kroːŋ
茳 kroːŋ
釭 kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 kroːŋ
玒 kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 kʰroːŋ
崆 kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 kʰroːŋ
控 kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 qʰroːŋ
谾 qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 qʰroːŋ
缻 ɡroːŋ
項 ɡroːŋʔ
屸 ɡ·roːŋ
功 koːŋ
工 koːŋ
疘 koːŋ
魟 koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 koːŋ
碽 koːŋ
貢 koːŋs
羾 koːŋs
空 kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 kʰoːŋ
硿 kʰoːŋ
埪 kʰoːŋ
鵼 kʰoːŋ
倥 kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 kʰoːŋs
叿 qʰoːŋ
嗊 qʰoːŋʔ
訌 ɡoːŋ
紅 ɡoːŋ
仜 ɡoːŋ
葒 ɡoːŋ
渱 ɡoːŋ
鴻 ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 ɡoːŋʔ
澒 ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 koŋʔ
巩 koŋʔ
銎 kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 ɡoŋ
筇 ɡoŋ
桏 ɡoŋ
邛 ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • kĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • kŭng - literary.
Note:
  • khang - vernacular;
  • khong - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 空
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰuŋ²¹/
Jinan /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰuŋ²¹/
Xining /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kʰũn³¹/
Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /kʰoŋ/
Nanjing /kʰoŋ³¹/
Hefei /kʰəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /kʰuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Wenzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /kʰan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
/kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰøyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
/kɔŋ³³/ ～闲
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰoŋ³³/
/kʰaŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xoŋ²³/
/xaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 空
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦紅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰəwŋ/
Li
Rong		 /kʰuŋ/
Wang
Li		 /kʰuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kōng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 空
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kōng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khuwng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰˤoŋ/
English hollow, empty; hole

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 空
Reading # 1/2
No. 4034
Phonetic
component		 工
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 空
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰoːŋ/

Definitions[edit]

空

  1. empty; hollow; void
    這箱子是空的。 / 这箱子是空的。  ―  Zhè xiāngzi shì kōng de.  ―  This box is empty.
  2. exhausted; emptied
  3. open; spacious; vast
  4. quiet and still; secluded
  5. lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
    空話 / 空话  ―  kōnghuà  ―  empty talk
  6. (Min Dong) hungry
  7. air; sky; atmosphere
    空氣 / 空气  ―  kōngqì  ―  air; atmosphere
    天空  ―  tiānkōng  ―  the sky
    • 航空  ―  hángkōng  ―  aviation
    • 空調 / 空调  ―  kōngtiáo  ―  air conditioning
  8. space; outer space; cosmos; universe
    太空  ―  tàikōng  ―  outer space
  9. (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
  10. (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
  11. in vain; for nothing
  12. only (left, remain, etc.)
  13. to exhaust
  14. to miss the target
Synonyms[edit]
  • (hungry):
Dialectal synonyms of 餓 (“hungry”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 飢、餓
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 餓、飢餓
Mandarin Beijing 餓
Taiwan 餓
Tianjin 餓
Harbin 餓
Shenyang 餓
Jinan 餓
Xi'an 飢、餓
Wuhan 餓
Chengdu 餓
Yangzhou 餓
Hefei 餓
Cantonese Guangzhou 肚餓
Hong Kong 肚餓
Taishan 肚飢
Gan Nanchang 餓
Hakka Meixian 肚飢、餓
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 枵
Liudui (S. Sixian) 飢
Hsinchu (Hailu) 枵
Dongshi (Dabu) 枵
Zhuolan (Raoping) 枵
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 枵
Jin Taiyuan 餓
Min Dong Fuzhou 空、枵 dated
Min Nan Xiamen 枵
Quanzhou 枵
Zhangzhou 枵
Taipei 枵
Kaohsiung 枵
Chaozhou 肚困
Wu Suzhou 餓
Wenzhou 餓
Xiang Changsha 餓、䐬
Shuangfeng 肚䐬、餓 intensified

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 空

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note: hung3 - rare.
Note:
  • káe̤ng - vernacular;
  • kóng - literary.
Note:
  • khòng - literary;
  • khàng - vernacular.
Rime
Character 空
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦貢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰəwŋH/
Li
Rong		 /kʰuŋH/
Wang
Li		 /kʰuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kòng
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 空
Reading # 2/2
No. 4045
Phonetic
component		 工
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 控
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰoːŋs/

Definitions[edit]

空

  1. to make empty; to impoverish
  2. to leave empty; to leave blank
  3. vacant; unoccupied; available
  4. spare time; free time; leisure
    我今天有空。  ―  Wǒ jīntiān yǒu kòng.  ―  I'm free today.
  5. empty space; room
  6. gap; chance; opportunity
  7. (Min Nan) zero

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 空

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Definitions[edit]

空

  1. † Alternative form of 孔 (kǒng, “hole; cave; mouth”).

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

空

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. sky
  2. empty, hollow, bare, void, deserted
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
空
そら
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

空 (hiragana そら, rōmaji sora)

  1. the sky
Synonyms[edit]
  • (the sky): 天 (てん, ​ten)
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
空
から
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Cognate with 殻 (から) (kara, “shell”).[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

空 (hiragana から, rōmaji kara)

  1. empty
    空 (から)箱 (ばこ) (karabako, “empty box”)
  2. ineffectual
    空 (から)振 (ぶ)り (karaburi, “in vain”)
  3. false
    空 (から)元 (げん)気 (き) (karagenki, “bravado”)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
空
くう
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

空 (hiragana くう, rōmaji kū)

  1. empty air
  2. meaninglessness
  3. (Buddhism) shunya (Śūnyatā): emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
  4. (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai; lit. "great five); also known as 天 (そら, sora), of particular importance as the highest of the five elements

Etymology 4[edit]

EB1911 - Volume 01 - Page 001 - 1.svg This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Kanji in this term
空
うろ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

空 (hiragana うろ, rōmaji uro)

  1. cavity, hole

Etymology 5[edit]

EB1911 - Volume 01 - Page 001 - 1.svg This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Kanji in this term
空
うつお
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/utuho/: utupo → utuɸo → utuwo → utuo. See also 空 (utsubo).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

空 (hiragana うつお, rōmaji utsuo, historical hiragana うつほ)

  1. Alternative form of うろ

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
空
うつぼ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Similar etymology to 空 (utsuo). As /h/ gradually changed from [p] → [ɸ] → [w] → [Ø], the phoneme was voiced to [b] in order to maintain it.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

空 (hiragana うつぼ, rōmaji utsubo)

  1. Alternative form of うろ

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

空 • (gong)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 공 (revised: gong, McCune-Reischauer: kong, Yale: kong)
    • Name (hangeul): 빌 (revised: bil)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

空 (không, khỏng, cung, khung)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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