空
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See also: 🈳
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Translingual[edit]
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character[edit]
空 (radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 863, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
- Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2719, character 8
- Unihan data for U+7A7A
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 空 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 空 | |
| alternative forms | 𠀝 𫞹 𢦉 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 空 |
|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Small seal script |
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Definitions[edit]
空
- empty; hollow; void
- exhausted; emptied
- open; spacious; vast
- quiet and still; secluded
- lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
- (Min Dong) hungry
- air; sky; atmosphere
- space; outer space; cosmos; universe
- (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
- (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
- in vain; for nothing
- only (left, remain, etc.)
- to exhaust
- to miss the target
- (Min Nan) hole; cavity
Synonyms[edit]
- (hungry):
- (hole):
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 孔, 洞, 穴 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 窟窿 |
| Jinan | 窟窿 | |
| Xi'an | 窟窿子, 窟窿 | |
| Wuhan | 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞 | |
| Chengdu | 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞 | |
| Yangzhou | 洞 | |
| Hefei | 窟窿, 洞 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窿, 咕窿 |
| Hong Kong | 窿, 咕窿 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 洞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窿仔, 窿空仔 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窟窿, 窟子 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 川 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 空空 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 空, 空口 |
| Quanzhou | 空 | |
| Zhangzhou | 空口 | |
| Taipei | 空 | |
| Philippines (Manila Hokkien) | 空 | |
| Chaozhou | 空 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 洞 |
| Wenzhou | 洞, 窟, 窟窿 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 洞, 洞子 |
| Shuangfeng | 眼貢, 洞 | |
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 空
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Pronunciation 2[edit]
Definitions[edit]
空
- to make empty; to impoverish
- to leave empty; to leave blank
- vacant; unoccupied; available
- spare time; free time; leisure
- empty space; room
- (of time) gap; interval; break
- chance; opportunity
- (Min Nan) zero
Synonyms[edit]
- (zero):
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 零, 洞 as a digit | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 零 |
| Taiwan | 零 | |
| Harbin | 零 | |
| Jinan | 零 | |
| Muping | 零 | |
| Luoyang | 零 | |
| Xi'an | 零 | |
| Xining | 零 | |
| Xuzhou | 零 | |
| Yinchuan | 零 | |
| Lanzhou | 零 | |
| Ürümqi | 零 | |
| Wuhan | 零 | |
| Chengdu | 零 | |
| Guiyang | 零 | |
| Liuzhou | 零 | |
| Yangzhou | 零 | |
| Nanjing | 零 | |
| Malaysia | 零 | |
| Singapore | 零 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 零 |
| Hong Kong | 零 | |
| Macau | 零 | |
| Dongguan | 零 | |
| Kuala Lumpur | 零 | |
| Singapore | 零 | |
| Gan | Lichuan | 零 |
| Pingxiang | 零 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 零 |
| Yudu | 零 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 零 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 零 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 零 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 零 | |
| Hsinchu (Raoping) | 零 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 零 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 零 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 零 |
| Xinzhou | 零 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 零 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 零, 環 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 空, 零 |
| Quanzhou | 空 | |
| Zhangzhou | 空 | |
| Taipei | 空 | |
| Kaohsiung | 空 | |
| Tainan | 空 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 空 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 空 | |
| Chaozhou | 空 | |
| Shantou | 空 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 空 | |
| Wenchang | 空, 零 | |
| Haikou | 空, 零 | |
| Leizhou | 零 | |
| Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 零 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 零 |
| Hangzhou | 零 | |
| Wenzhou | 零 | |
| Chongming | 零 | |
| Jinhua | 零 | |
| Ningbo | 零 | |
- (spare time):
Synonyms of 空
- (empty): (Cantonese) 吉
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 空
Pronunciation 3[edit]
Definitions[edit]
空
- † Alternative form of 孔 (kǒng, “hole; cave; mouth”).
- 計四海之在天地之間也，不似礨空之在大澤乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jì sìhǎi zhī zài tiāndì zhījiān yě, bù sì lěikǒng zhī zài dàzé hū? [Pinyin]
- I estimate all within the four seas, compared with the space between heaven and earth, to be not so large as that occupied by an ant nest / small cave in a large marsh!
计四海之在天地之间也，不似礨空之在大泽乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Descendants[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
空
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: く (ku); くう (kū, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こう (kō)
- Kun: あく (aku, 空く, Jōyō); あける (akeru, 空ける, Jōyō); うつける (utsukeru, 空ける); うつ (utsu, 空); うつお (utsuo, 空); うつぼ (utsubo, 空); うつろ (utsuro, 空ろ); うろ (uro, 空ろ); から (kara, 空, Jōyō); すく (suku, 空く); そら (sora, 空, Jōyō); むなしい (munashii, 空しい); あな (ana, 空)
- Nanori: たか (taka)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| そら Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the sky
Synonyms[edit]
- (the sky): 天 (ten)
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| から Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with 殻 (kara, “shell”).[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| くう Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- empty air
- meaninglessness
- (Buddhism) shunya (Śūnyatā): emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
- (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”); also known as 天 (sora), of particular importance as the highest of the five elements
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Etymology 4[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| うろ Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| うつお Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
/utuho/: /utupo/ → /utuɸo/ → /utuwo/ → /utuo/. See also 空 (utsubo).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
空 • (utsuo) (historical kana うつほ)
- Alternative form of うろ
Etymology 6[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| うつぼ Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Similar etymology to 空 (utsuo). As /h/ gradually changed from [p] → [ɸ] → [w] → [Ø], the phoneme was voiced to [b] in order to maintain it.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- Alternative form of うろ
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
- 공간 (空間, gonggan)
- 공군 (空軍, gonggun)
- 공기 (空器, gonggi)
- 공기 (空氣, gonggi)
- 공담 (空談, gongdam)
- 공동 (空洞, gongdong)
- 공론 (空論, gongnon)
- 공리 (空理, gongni)
- 공복 (空腹, gongbok)
- 공상 (空想, gongsang)
- 공석 (空席, gongseok)
- 공수 (空輸, gongsu)
- 공습 (空襲, gongseup)
- 공언 (空言, gong-eon)
- 공연 (空然, gong-yeon)
- 공일 (空日, gong-il)
- 공장 (空腸, gongjang)
- 공적 (空寂, gongjeok)
- 공중 (空中, gongjung)
- 공지 (空地, gongji)
- 공책 (空冊, gongchaek)
- 공포 (空砲, gongpo)
- 공폭 (空爆, gongpok)
- 공핍 (空乏, gongpip)
- 공항 (空港, gonghang)
- 공허 (空虛, gongheo)
- 공활 (空豁, gonghwal)
- 가공 (架空, gagong)
- 고공 (高空, gogong)
- 누공 (壘空, nugong)
- 누공 (屢空, nugong)
- 등공 (騰空, deunggong)
- 반공 (半空, ban-gong)
- 방공 (防空, banggong)
- 벽공 (碧空, byeokgong)
- 영공/령공 (領空, yeonggong/ryeonggong)
- 용공 (聳空, yonggong)
- 익공 (匿空, ikgong)
- 일공 (一空, ilgong)
- 저공 (低空, jeogong)
- 진공 (眞空, jin-gong)
- 착공 (鑿空, chakgong)
- 창공 (蒼空, changgong)
- 천공 (天空, cheon-gong)
- 청공 (晴空, cheonggong)
- 청공 (靑空, cheonggong)
- 폐공 (蔽空, pyegong)
- 항공 (航空, hanggong)
- 허공 (虛空, heogong)
- 방공호 (防空壕, banggongho)
- 항공기 (航空機, hanggonggi)
- 항공사 (航空社, hanggongsa)
- 손오공 (孫悟空, Sonogong)
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
空
Readings[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
空: Hán Việt readings: không (
空: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]
- Hán tự form of không (“empty; void”).
- Hán tự form of không (“air; sky”).
- Nôm form of không (“zero; none”).
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
- 空間 (không gian)
- 空虚 (không hư)
- 空氣 (không khí)
- 空軍 (không quân)
- 空襲 (không tập)
- 空手 (không thủ)
- 空中 (không trung)
- 空想 (không tưởng)
- 真空 (chân không)
- 航空 (hàng không)
- 虛空 (hư không)
- 防空 (phòng không)
- 數空 (số không)
- 太空 (thái không)
- 孫悟空 (Tôn Ngộ Không)
References[edit]
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