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See also: 🈳
U+7A7A, 空
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A

[U+7A79]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7A7B]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 116, +3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 863, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2719, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7A7A

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms 𠀝
𫞹
𰁕
𢦉

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic (cave, hole) + phonetic (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (hole; orifice; inner part). (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, hole), Jingpho ladi hku (nostril), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, hole), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, cavity), Naxi ko³³ (cave; hole; pit) (STEDT). See also (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • kĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • kŭng - literary.
Note:
  • khang - vernacular;
  • khong - literary.
Note:
  • kang1 - vernacular;
  • kong1 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰuŋ²¹/
Jinan /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰuŋ²¹/
Xining /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kʰũn³¹/
Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /kʰoŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kʰoŋ³¹/
Hefei /kʰəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /kʰuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Wenzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /kʰan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
/kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰøyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
/kɔŋ³³/ ~闲
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰoŋ³³/
/kʰaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xoŋ²³/
/xaŋ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter khuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰəwŋ/
Li
Rong
/kʰuŋ/
Wang
Li
/kʰuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hung1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
kōng
Middle
Chinese
‹ khuwng ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˁoŋ/
English hollow, empty; hole

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 4034
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːŋ/

Definitions

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  1. empty; hollow; void
    箱子箱子  ―  Zhè xiāngzi shì kōng de.  ―  This box is empty.
    盒子 [MSC, trad.]
    盒子 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài hézi lǐ yǒu xiē kōng píng. [Pinyin]
    There are some empty bottles in the box.
  2. exhausted; emptied
  3. open; spacious; vast
  4. quiet and still; secluded
  5. lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
      ―  kōnghuà  ―  empty talk
  6. (Eastern Min) hungry
  7. air; sky; atmosphere
      ―  kōng  ―  air; atmosphere
      ―  tiānkōng  ―  the sky
      ―  hángkōng  ―  aviation
    調  ―  kōngtiáo  ―  air conditioning
  8. space; outer space; cosmos; universe
      ―  tàikōng  ―  outer space
      ―  kōngjiān  ―  space
  9. (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
  10. (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
  11. in vain; for nothing
  12. only (left, remain, etc.)
  13. to exhaust
  14. to miss the target
  15. (Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) hole; cavity
Synonyms
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  • (empty):
  • (hungry):
  • (hole):

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Note: hung3 - rare.
Note:
  • káe̤ng - vernacular;
  • kóng - literary.
Note:
  • khòng - literary (including “zero”);
  • khàng - vernacular.
Note: kang3 - “zero”.

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (1)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter khuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰəwŋH/
Li
Rong
/kʰuŋH/
Wang
Li
/kʰuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hung3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 4045
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːŋs/

Definitions

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  1. to make empty; to impoverish
  2. to leave empty; to leave blank
  3. vacant; unoccupied; available
    房間房间  ―  Yǒu kòng fángjiān ma?  ―  Is there any vacant room?
    位子 [MSC, trad.]
    位子 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge wèizǐ kòng zhe ma? [Pinyin]
    Is this seat available?
  4. spare time; free time; leisure
    今天  ―  Wǒ jīntiān yǒu kòng.  ―  I'm free today.
    下午 [MSC, trad.]
    下午 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ xiàwǔ yǒu kòng ma? [Pinyin]
    Are you free this afternoon?
    現在醫生 [MSC, trad.]
    现在医生 [MSC, simp.]
    Xiànzài yīshēng méi kòng. [Pinyin]
    The doctor is not available now.
  5. empty space; room
    進來 [MSC, trad.]
    进来 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài jǐ ge rén jìnlái xíng ma? Chē lǐ hái yǒu kòng ma? [Pinyin]
    Can you fit in another person? Is there room in the car?
  6. (of time) gap; interval; break
    Synonyms: 間隙间隙 (jiànxì), 間隔间隔
  7. chance; opportunity
  8. (Southern Min) zero
Synonyms
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  • (zero):
  • (spare time):
edit
  • (empty): (Cantonese)

Compounds

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Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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  1. Alternative form of (kǒng, hole; cave; mouth)

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (くう) ()
  • Korean: 공(空) (gong)
  • Vietnamese: không ()

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
そら
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling

⟨so1ra⟩ → */sʷora//sora/

From Old Japanese, presumably from Proto-Japonic *sora.

Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(そら) (sora

  1. the sky
    Synonym: (ten)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
から
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Cognate with (kara, shell).[1]

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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(から) (kara

  1. something empty
    (から)(ばこ)karabakoempty box
  2. ineffectual
    (から)()karaburiin vain
  3. false
    (から)(げん)()karagenkifalse vigor, bravado
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
くう
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC khuwng|khuwngH).

The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(くう) (

  1. empty air
  2. meaninglessness
  3. (Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
  4. (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally great five) and the highest of the five elements
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
うろ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry: うろ

(The following entry is uncreated: うろ.)

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
うつお
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry:

(The following entry is uncreated: .)

Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
うつぼ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry: うつぼ

(The following entry is uncreated: うつぼ.)

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC khuwng|khuwngH).

Hanja

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Korean numbers (edit)
0 1  →  10  → 
    Native isol.: (slang) (ppang)
    Sino-Korean: (yeong), (ryeong), (as digit, not number) (gong)
    Hanja: ,
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (bil gong))

  1. Hanja form? of (empty; void).
  2. Hanja form? of (sky; air).
  3. Hanja form? of (zero).

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
すら
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Borrowed from Japanese (sora) (or more exactly, an earlier form of it).

As remarked by Igarashi (2022),[1] the inherited meaning of this term in Ryukyuan languages is not "sky", but "treetop".

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(すら) (sura

  1. (literary) the sky, heavens

References

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: không ((khô)(công)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]

  1. Chữ Hán form of không (empty; void).
  2. Chữ Hán form of không (air; sky).
  3. Chữ Hán form of không (zero; none).

Compounds

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References

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