恐

恐 U+6050, 恐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6050 ← 恏 [U+604F] CJK Unified Ideographs 恑 → [U+6051]

Translingual

Han character

恐 (radical 61 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or X一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 1733₁, composition ⿱巩心)

References

• KangXi: page 384, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
• Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2289, character 8
• Unihan data for U+6050

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		恐

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
缸	*kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢	*kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑	*kluːmʔ
涳	*ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江	*kroːŋ
肛	*kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛	*kroːŋ
杠	*kroːŋ
豇	*kroːŋ
茳	*kroːŋ
釭	*kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼	*kroːŋ
玒	*kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹	*kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔	*kʰroːŋ
崆	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫	*kʰroːŋ
控	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌	*qʰroːŋ
谾	*qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡	*qʰroːŋ
缻	*ɡroːŋ
項	*ɡroːŋʔ
屸	*ɡ·roːŋ
功	*koːŋ
工	*koːŋ
疘	*koːŋ
魟	*koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻	*koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩	*koːŋ
碽	*koːŋ
貢	*koːŋs
羾	*koːŋs
空	*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜	*kʰoːŋ
硿	*kʰoːŋ
埪	*kʰoːŋ
鵼	*kʰoːŋ
倥	*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚	*kʰoːŋs
叿	*qʰoːŋ
嗊	*qʰoːŋʔ
訌	*ɡoːŋ
紅	*ɡoːŋ
仜	*ɡoːŋ
葒	*ɡoːŋ
渱	*ɡoːŋ
鴻	*ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞	*ɡoːŋʔ
澒	*ɡoːŋʔ
鞏	*koŋʔ
巩	*koŋʔ
銎	*kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐	*kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩	*ɡoŋ
筇	*ɡoŋ
桏	*ɡoŋ
邛	*ɡoŋ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǒng (kong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hung²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiúng
• Min Dong (BUC): kṳ̄ng
• Min Nan (POJ): khióng
• Wu (Wiktionary): khon (T2)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: kǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
    • Wade-Giles: k'ung³
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hung²
    • Yale: húng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung²
    • IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiúng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung³
    • IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̄ng
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, mainstream Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng
    • Tâi-lô: khióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiorng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: khon (T2)
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ³⁴/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 恐
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰuŋ²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/kʰuŋ²¹³/
	Tianjin	/kʰuŋ¹³/
	Jinan	/kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Xi'an	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Xining	/kʰuə̃⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰũn⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/kʰuŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/kʰoŋ⁴²/
	Chengdu	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Guiyang	/kʰoŋ⁴²/
	Kunming	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Nanjing	/kʰoŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/kʰəŋ²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰuəŋ⁵³/
	Pingyao	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰoŋ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰoŋ⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/ /kʰoŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰuʌ̃³⁵/
	Tunxi	/kʰan³¹/ ～怖 /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ～怕
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰoŋ⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/kʰən⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiuŋ³¹/
	Taoyuan	/kʰioŋ³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hoŋ³⁵/
	Nanning	/kʰuŋ³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/huŋ³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kʰyŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰioŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xɔŋ³¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰɨoŋ^X/, /kʰɨoŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	恐	恐
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	丘隴切	區用切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨoŋX/	/kʰɨoŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰioŋX/	/kʰioŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰioŋX/	/kʰioŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰuawŋX/	/kʰuawŋH/
Li Rong	/kʰioŋX/	/kʰioŋH/
Wang Li	/kʰĭwoŋX/	/kʰĭwoŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯woŋX/	/kʰi̯woŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiǒng	qiòng

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoŋʔ/, /*kʰoŋs/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ khjowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
English	fear
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恐	恐
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4071	4072
Phonetic component	工	工
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	恐	恐
Old Chinese	/*kʰoŋʔ/	/*kʰoŋs/

Definitions

恐

1. to fear; to be afraid
2. fearful; apprehensive

Compounds

• 唯恐 (wéikǒng)
• 唯恐不及
• 恐嚇／恐吓 (kǒnghè)
• 恐嚇罪／恐吓罪
• 恐後爭先／恐后争先
• 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
• 恐怖 (kǒngbù)
• 恐怖主義／恐怖主义 (kǒngbùzhǔyì)
• 恐怖分子 (kǒngbùfènzǐ)
• 恐怖小說／恐怖小说
• 恐怖時代／恐怖时代
• 恐恐然
• 恐惶
• 恐惶悚懼／恐惶悚惧
• 恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
• 恐慌症

• 恐慮／恐虑
• 恐憂／恐忧
• 恐懼／恐惧 (kǒngjù)
• 恐懼不安／恐惧不安
• 恐懼症／恐惧症 (kǒngjùzhèng)
• 恐水病 (kǒngshuǐbìng)
• 恐變症／恐变症
• 恐鳥／恐鸟 (kǒngniǎo)
• 恐龍／恐龙 (kǒnglóng)
• 惜恐
• 惟恐
• 惴恐
• 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
• 惶恐不安
• 擔驚受恐／担惊受恐
• 有恃無恐／有恃无恐 (yǒushìwúkǒng)

• 深恐
• 爭先恐後／争先恐后 (zhēngxiānkǒnghòu)
• 猶恐／犹恐
• 生恐
• 白色恐怖 (Báisè kǒngbù)
• 皇恐灘／皇恐滩
• 紅色恐怖／红色恐怖
• 經濟恐慌／经济恐慌
• 臨死不恐／临死不恐
• 臨難不恐／临难不恐
• 誠恐／诚恐
• 誠恐誠惶／诚恐诚惶
• 誠惶誠恐／诚惶诚恐
• 震恐 (zhènkǒng)
• 驚恐／惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
• 驚恐萬分／惊恐万分

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Japanese

Kanji

恐

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. fear; be afraid
2. threaten
3. probably

Readings

• Goon: く (ku)
• Kan’on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
• Kun: おそれる (osoreru, 恐れる, Jōyō); おそろしい (osoroshii, 恐ろしい, Jōyō); おそれ (osore); こわい (kowai, 恐い)

Compounds

• 恐悦
• 恐喝
• 恐々謹言

• 恐懼
• 恐慌

• 恐察
• 恐縮 (きょうしゅく, kyōshuku)

• 恐怖
• 恐竜 (kyōryū)

References

• Shift JIS: 8BB0
• JIS: 3632

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Korean

Hanja

恐 • (gong) (hangeul 공, revised gong, McCune-Reischauer kong, Yale kong)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

恐 (khủng, thứ)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.