心

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See also: 必
心 U+5FC3, 心
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FC3
← 忂
[U+5FC2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 忄 →
[U+5FC4]
⼼ U+2F3C, ⼼
KANGXI RADICAL HEART
← ⼻
[U+2F3B] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼽ →
[U+2F3D]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms[edit]

  • 忄 (when used as a left Chinese radical)
  • 㣺 (sometimes found as a bottom Chinese radical in characters such as 慕)

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 61 心

心 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 心 (P), four-corner 33000, composition ⿲丿⿺乚丶丶 or ⿲丿⿺㇃丶丶)

  1. Kangxi radical #61, ⼼.

Usage notes[edit]

When written as a bottom radical, 心 is similar to 灬 (fire radical) but is distinguished by the second stroke from the left being longer, passing under the third stroke.

Derived characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 375, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10295
  • Dae Jaweon: page 700, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2267, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5FC3

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 心
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 心 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 心 (Cantonese)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 心
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (心) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
沁 *sʰlɯms
吣 *sʰlɯms
心 *slɯm
杺 *slɯm
伈 *slɯmʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a heart, now highly stylized.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(j)am-s.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • sim1 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Pontianak;
  • sing1 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 心
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Harbin /ɕin⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /ɕin²¹/
    Jinan /ɕiẽ²¹³/
    Qingdao /siə̃²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /sin²⁴/
    Xi'an /ɕiẽ²¹/
    Xining /ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /ɕĩn³¹/
    Ürümqi /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Kunming /ɕĩ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /sin³¹/
    Hefei /ɕin²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /ɕiŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /ɕĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /sin⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /ɕin³³/
    Wenzhou /saŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /siʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /sin¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /sin³³/
    Xiangtan /sin³³/
    Gan Nanchang /ɕin⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /sim⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /sim²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐm⁵³/
    Nanning /ɬɐm⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /sɐm⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sim⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /siŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /seiŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /sim³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /tim²³/
    Rime
    Character 心
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 侵 (139)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息林切
    Baxter sim
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/siɪm/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/sim/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/sjem/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sim/
    Li
    Rong         		/siəm/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭĕm/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯əm/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xīn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sam1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 心
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xīn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sim ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*səm/
    English heart

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 心
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 13801
    Phonetic
    component         		心
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		心
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slɯm/

    Definitions[edit]

    心

    1. heart (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 個／个 c; 粒 mn)
    2. mind
    3. thought; idea
    4. intention
    5. center; core
    6. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Heart (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
      Synonyms: 商 (shāng), 辰 (chén)

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (心):
    • → Japanese: 心(しん) (shin)
    • → Korean: 심(心) (sim)
    • → Vietnamese: tâm (心)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: tim (“heart”)
    • → Zhuang: sim

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    心

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. heart
    2. mind
    3. core

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    こころ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spellings
    情 (rare)
    意 (rare)

    ⟨ko2ko2ro2⟩ → */kəkərə/ → /kokoro/

    From Old Japanese 心 (ko2ko2ro2), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kəkərə. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

    Compare Okinawan 心 (kukuru).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(こころ) • (kokoro) 

    1. mind, heart, spirit, soul; thoughts, ideas
      心(こころ)の底(そこ)から ― kokoro no soko kara ― from the bottom of one's heart
      人(ひと)の心(こころ)を奪(うば)う ― hito no kokoro o ubau ― to steal someone's heart → to captivate someone
      • 2007 March 16, CLAMP, “Chapitre(シャピトル).134(ひゃくさんじゅうよん) 唯(ゆい)一(いつ)の存(そん)在(ざい)”, in ツバサ ＲＥＳＥＲＶｏｉｒ ＣＨＲｏＮｉＣＬＥ, volume 18 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 31–32:
        ‥‥それでも行(い)きます　小(シャオ)狼(ラン)君(くん)の心(こころ)を取(と)り戻(もど)す為(ため)に
        ‥‥Sore demo ikimasu Shaoran-kun no kokoro o torimodosu tame ni
        …Even so, I will go on, to get back Xiaolang-kun’s heart
    2. attention, mind, interest
      心(こころ)ここにあらず ― kokoro koko ni arazu ― absent minded
    3. heart, feelings, emotion, emotional state
      心(こころ)温(あたた)まる風(ふう)景(けい) ― kokoro atatamaru fūkei ― a heart warming situation
    4. wholeheartedness, sincerity, true heart
      心(こころ)のこもっていない ― kokoro no komotteinai ― not sincere
      心(こころ)のこもった ― kokoro no komotta ― sincere
      心(こころ)なき仕(し)業(わざ) ― kokoro naki shiwaza ― cruel deed
    5. sympathy, heart, consideration, generous disposition
      心(こころ)がない ― kokoro ga nai ― lacking sympathy and consideration
    6. a meaning, essence
      その心(こころ)が分(わ)かっていない ― sono kokoro ga wakatteinai ― not understanding what it really means
    7. an answer (to a riddle, etc.)
      その心(こころ)は ― sono kokoro wa ― the answer is
    8. the heart as an organ in the body
      Synonym: 心臓 (shinzō)
    9. the chest
      Synonym: 胸 (mune)
    10. the title of a book
      Synonym: 書名 (shomei)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Idioms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    心(こころ) • (Kokoro) 

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    うら
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    From Old Japanese.

    Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(うら) • (ura) 

    1. a heart, inner feelings
    Derived terms[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    心(うら) • (ura-) 

    1. expresses heartfelt feeling
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    しん
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    芯 (center)

    /simʉ/ → */ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/

    From Middle Chinese 心 (MC sim).

    The Buddhist sense is a translation of Pali and Sanskrit चित्त (citta).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(しん) • (shin) 

    1. a heart, mind, core
    2. a spirit, vitality
    3. inner strength, marrow
    4. the center of something:
      1. 心, 芯: the core (for example, of a fruit)
      2. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    5. 心, 芯: a wick
    6. (Buddhism) citta: the ego or spirit
      Synonyms: 主観 (shukan), 精神 (seishin)
      Antonym: 色 (shiki)
    7. (Buddhism) Short for 心王 (shinnō): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    8. the heart as an organ in the body
    9. lead (as of a pencil)
    10. padding
    11. a companion, fellow
      Synonyms: 友達 (tomodachi), 仲間 (nakama)
    12. the center of focus:
      1. the important part
        Synonym: 主脳 (shunō)
      2. (theater) Alternative spelling of 真 (shin): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    13. a basis, foundation
      Synonyms: 基礎 (kiso), 根拠 (konkyo)

    Affix[edit]

    心(しん) • (shin) 

    1. Short for 心臓 (shinzō): heart as an organ in the body
    2. Short for 心頭 (shintō): heart, mind, spirit
    3. Short for 中心 (chūshin): center, middle

    Proper noun[edit]

    心(しん) • (Shin) 

    1. (Chinese astronomy) the Heart constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
      Synonyms: 商星 (Shōsei), 心宿 (Shinshuku), 中子星 (Nakagoboshi)
    2. a male or female given name
    3. a surname

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 心 (MC sim).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 심 (Yale: sìm)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ (Yale: mòzòm) 심 (Yale: sìm)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    心 (eumhun 마음 심 (ma'eum sim))

    1. Hanja form? of 심 (“heart; feeling; emotion”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    心

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    くくる
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kokoro.

    Cognate with mainland Japanese 心 (kokoro).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(くくる) (kukuru) 

    1. a heart, mind, spirit
      Synonym: 肝 (chimu)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    ふくまーみ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From 肺 (fuku, “lung”) +‎ 豆 (māmi, “bean”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(ふくまーみ) (fukumāmi) 

    1. (anatomy) a heart

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    しん
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    芯

    From Middle Chinese 心 (MC sim).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(しん) (shin) 

    1. the center
    2. 心, 芯: the core
    3. 芯: a wick
    4. a heart, mind, spirit
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *kəkərə.

    Noun[edit]

    心 (ko2ko2ro2) (kana こころ)

    1. a heart, mind, spirit
    2. an emotion, feeling
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3466),[1] text here
        麻可奈思美奴禮婆許登爾豆佐禰奈敝波己許呂乃緖呂爾能里弖可奈思母
        ma-kanasimi1 nureba ko2to2 ni du sanenape1ba ko2ko2ro2 no2 woro2 ni no2rite kanasi mo
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 心 (kokoro)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Possibly the eastern dialect form or a misreading of ko2ko2ro2 above.

    Noun[edit]

    心 (ko2ko2ri) (kana ここり)

    1. (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) Same as コ乙コ乙ロ乙 (ko2ko2ro2) above
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4390), text here
        牟浪他麻乃久留爾久枳作之加多米等之以母加去去里波阿用久奈米加母
        muratama no2 kuru ni kugi1 sasi katame2to2si imo ka ko2ko2ri pa ayo1ku name2 ka mo
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Usage notes[edit]

    Given this Eastern reflex, some scholars interpret the 里 as ⟨ro2⟩ rather than ⟨ri⟩, thus giving the impression that the term is the same ko2ko2ro2 used in other attestations. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).

    Noun[edit]

    心 (ura) (kana うら)

    1. heart, inner feelings
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 心 (ura)

    Prefix[edit]

    心 (ura-) (kana うら)

    1. expresses heartfelt feeling

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Satake, Akihiro; Hideo Yamada; Rikio Kudō; Masao Ōtani; Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    心: Hán Việt readings: tâm (思(tư)林(lâm)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    心: Nôm readings: tâm[1][2][4][6], tấm[3][7][4][6], tim[1][3], tăm[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of tâm (“heart; feeling”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    7. ^ Hồ (1976).

    Zhuang[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心

    1. Sawndip form of sim (“heart”)
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