心

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See also: 必
心 U+5FC3, 心
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FC3
← 忂
[U+5FC2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 忄 →
[U+5FC4]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order
心-order.gif

Alternative forms[edit]

  • ⼼ (U+2F3C) (Kangxi radical)
  • 忄 (when used as a left Chinese radical)
  • 㣺 (sometimes found as a bottom Chinese radical in characters such as 慕)

Han character[edit]

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See images of
Radical 61 心

心 (radical 61, 心+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 心 (P), four-corner 33000, composition ⿲丿⿺乚丶丶)

  1. Kangxi radical #61, ⼼.

Usage notes[edit]

When written as a bottom radical, 心 is similar to 灬 (fire radical) but is distinguished by the second stroke from the left being longer, passing under the third stroke.

Derived characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • KangXi: page 375, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31302
  • Dae Jaweon: page 700, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2267, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5FC3

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 心
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 心
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
心-bronze-shang.svg 心-oracle.svg 心-bronze.svg 心-silk.svg 心-seal.svg 心-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (心) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
沁 *sʰlɯms
吣 *sʰlɯms
心 *slɯm
杺 *slɯm
伈 *slɯmʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a heart, now highly stylized.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(j)am-s.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • sim1 - Chaozhou;
  • sing1 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 心
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Harbin /ɕin⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /ɕin²¹/
    Jinan /ɕiẽ²¹³/
    Qingdao /siə̃²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /sin²⁴/
    Xi'an /ɕiẽ²¹/
    Xining /ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /ɕĩn³¹/
    Ürümqi /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /ɕin⁵⁵/
    Kunming /ɕĩ/
    Nanjing /sin³¹/
    Hefei /ɕin²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /ɕiŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /ɕĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /sin⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /ɕin³³/
    Wenzhou /saŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /siʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /sin¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /sin³³/
    Xiangtan /sin³³/
    Gan Nanchang /ɕin⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /sim⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /sim²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐm⁵³/
    Nanning /ɬɐm⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /sɐm⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sim⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /siŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /seiŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /sim³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /tim²³/
    Rime
    Character 心
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 侵 (139)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息林切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/siɪm/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/sim/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/sjem/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sim/
    Li
    Rong         		/siəm/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭĕm/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯əm/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xīn
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 心
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xīn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sim ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*səm/
    English heart

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 心
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 13801
    Phonetic
    component         		心
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		心
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slɯm/

    Definitions[edit]

    心

    1. heart (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 個／个 c; 粒 mn)
    2. mind
    3. thought; idea
    4. intention
    5. center; core

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 心

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (心):
    • → Japanese: 心(しん) (shin)
    • → Korean: 심 (心, sim)
    • → Vietnamese: tâm (心)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: tim (“heart”)

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    心

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    こころ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    ⟨ko2ko2ro2⟩ → */kəkərə/ → /kokoro/

    From Old Japanese 心 (ko2ko2ro2, “heart, mind, spirit”), from Proto-Japonic *kəkərə.

    Compare Okinawan 心 (kukuru).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(こころ) • (kokoro) 

    1. mind, heart, spirit, soul; thoughts, ideas
      • 2007 March 16, CLAMP, “Chapitre(シャピトル).134 唯(ゆい)一(いつ)の存(そん)在(ざい) [Chapitre.134 The Only One]”, in ツバサ ＲＥＳＥＲＶｏｉｒ ＣＨＲｏＮｉＣＬＥ [Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE], volume 18 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 31–32:
        ‥‥それでも行(い)きます　小狼(シャオラン)君(くん)の心(こころ)を取(と)り戻(もど)す為(ため)に
        ‥‥Sore demo ikimasu Shaoran-kun no kokoro o torimodosu tame ni
        ‥‥Even so, I will go on, to get back Xiaolang-kun’s heart
      心(こころ)の底(そこ)から ― kokoro no soko kara ― from the bottom of one's heart
      人(ひと)の心(こころ)を奪(うば)う ― hito no kokoro o ubau ― to steal someone's heart → to captivate someone
    2. attention, mind, interest
    3. heart, feelings, emotion, emotional state
    4. wholeheartedness, sincerity, true heart
    5. sympathy, heart, consideration, generous disposition
    6. a meaning, essence
    7. an answer (for example, to a riddle)
    8. the heart (organ in the body)
      Synonym: 心臓 (shinzō)
    9. the chest
      Synonym: 胸 (mune)
    10. the title of a book
      Synonym: 書名 (shomei)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Verb[edit]

    心(こころ)する • (kokoro suru) suru (stem 心(こころ)し (kokoro shi), past 心(こころ)した (kokoro shita))

    1. to caution, to be careful
      • c. 951–953, Gosen Wakashū (book 16, poem 1138)
        心(こころ)して稀(まれ)に吹(ふ)きつる秋風(あきかぜ)を山(やま)おろしにはなさじとぞ思(おも)ふ
        kokoro shite mare ni fukitsuru akikaze o yamaoroshi ni wa nasaji to zo omou
        (please add an English translation of this example)
      Synonyms: 気をつかう (ki o tsukau), 気をつける (ki o tsukeru), 注意する (chūi suru)
    2. to feel a certain emotion
    Conjugation[edit]
    Conjugation of "心する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 心し こころし kokoro shi
    Continuative (連用形) 心し こころし kokoro shi
    Terminal (終止形) 心する こころする kokoro suru
    Attributive (連体形) 心する こころする kokoro suru
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 心すれ こころすれ kokoro sure
    Imperative (命令形) 心せよ¹
    心しろ²         		こころせよ¹
    こころしろ²         		kokoro seyo¹
    kokoro shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 心される こころされる kokoro sareru
    Causative 心させる
    心さす         		こころさせる
    こころさす         		kokoro saseru
    kokoro sasu
    Potential 心できる こころできる kokoro dekiru
    Volitional 心しよう こころしよう kokoro shiyō
    Negative 心しない こころしない kokoro shinai
    Negative continuative 心せず こころせず kokoro sezu
    Formal 心します こころします kokoro shimasu
    Perfective 心した こころした kokoro shita
    Conjunctive 心して こころして kokoro shite
    Hypothetical conditional 心すれば こころすれば kokoro sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    Classical conjugation of "心す" (サ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Irrealis (未然形) 心せ こころせ kokorose
    Continuative (連用形) 心し こころし kokorosi
    Terminal (終止形) 心す こころす kokorosu
    Attributive (連体形) 心する こころする kokorosuru
    Realis (已然形) 心すれ こころすれ kokorosure
    Imperative (命令形) 心せよ こころせよ kokoroseyo
    Key constructions
    Negative 心せず こころせず kokorosezu
    Contrasting conjunction 心すれど こころすれど kokorosuredo
    Causal conjunction 心すれば こころすれば kokorosureba
    Conditional conjunction 心せば こころせば kokoroseba
    Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 心しき こころしき kokorosiki
    Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 心しけり こころしけり kokorosikeri
    Perfect tense (conscious action) 心しつ こころしつ kokorositu
    Perfect tense (natural event) 心しぬ こころしぬ kokorosinu
    Perfect-continuative tense 心せり
    心したり    		 こころせり
    こころしたり    		 kokoroseri
    kokorositari

    Proper noun[edit]

    心(こころ) • (Kokoro) 

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    うら
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    From Old Japanese.

    Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (Irregular reading)

    Noun[edit]

    心(うら) • (ura) 

    1. heart, inner feelings
    Derived terms[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    心(うら) • (ura-) 

    1. prefixed to terms to express a heartfelt feeling
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    心
    しん
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    /sim/ → /simʉ/ → */ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/

    From Middle Chinese 心 (MC siɪm).

    The Buddhist sense is a translation of Pali and Sanskrit चित्त (citta).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    心(しん) • (shin) 

    1. heart, mind, core
    2. spirit, vitality
    3. inner strength, marrow
    4. the center of something:
      1. the core (for example, of a fruit)
      2. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    5. a wick
    6. (Buddhism) citta: the ego or spirit
      Synonyms: 主観 (shukan), 精神 (seishin)
      Antonym: 色 (shiki)
    7. (Buddhism) Short for 心王 (shinnō): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    8. the heart (organ in the body)
    9. lead (as of a pencil)
    10. padding
    11. a companion, fellow
      Synonyms: 友達 (tomodachi), 仲間 (nakama)
    12. the center of focus:
      1. the important part
        Synonym: 主脳 (shunō)
      2. (theater) Alternative spelling of 真 (shin): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    13. a basis, foundation
      Synonyms: 基礎 (kiso), 根拠 (konkyo)

    Affix[edit]

    心(しん) • (shin) 

    1. heart (organ in the body)
    2. heart (mind, spirit)
    3. center, middle

    Proper noun[edit]

    心(しん) • (Shin) 

    1. (Chinese astronomy) the Heart constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
      Synonyms: 商星 (Shōsei), 心宿 (Shinshuku), 中子星 (Nakagoboshi)
    2. a male or female given name
    3. a surname

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 心 (MC siɪm). Recorded as Middle Korean 심 (Yale: sim) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    心 (eumhun 마음 심 (ma-eum sim))

    1. Hanja form? of 심 (“heart; feeling; emotion”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *kəkərə.

    Noun[edit]

    心 (ko2ko2ro2) (kana こころ)

    1. heart, mind, spirit
    2. emotion, feeling
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3466),[1] text here
        麻可奈思美 奴礼婆許登尓豆 佐祢奈敝波 己許呂乃緒呂尓 能里弖可奈思母
        ma-kanasimi1 nureba ko2to2 ni du sanenape1ba ko2ko2ro2 no2 woro2 ni no2rite kanasi mo
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 心 (こころ, kokoro)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Noun[edit]

    心 (ko2ko2ri) (kana ここり)

    1. (regional, Eastern Old Japanese) heart, mind, spirit
    2. (regional, Eastern Old Japanese) emotion, feeling
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).

    Noun[edit]

    心 (ura) (kana うら)

    1. heart, inner feelings
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 心 (うら, ura)

    Prefix[edit]

    心 (ura-) (kana うら)

    1. prefixed to terms to express a heartfelt feeling

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Satake, Akihiro; Hideo Yamada; Rikio Kudō; Masao Ōtani; Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    心: Hán Việt readings: tâm (思(tư)林(lâm)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    心: Nôm readings: tâm[1][2][4][6], tấm[3][7][4][6], tim[1][3], tăm[1]

    1. Hán tự form of tâm (“heart; feeling”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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