必
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See also: 心
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order (Taiwan) | |||
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Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character[edit]
必 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 心竹 (PH), four-corner 33000, composition ⿻心丿)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 375, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10299
- Dae Jaweon: page 701, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2267, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5FC5
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
必 |
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Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 必 | ||
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Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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泌 | *mpriɡs, *priɡ, *bliɡ |
秘 | *mpriɡs |
毖 | *priɡs |
閟 | *priɡs |
柲 | *priɡs, *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ |
鉍 | *priɡs, *priɡ |
邲 | *priɡs, *bliɡ, *briɡ |
覕 | *pliŋs, *mbliːɡ |
咇 | *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ |
苾 | *bliːɡ, *bliɡ |
馝 | *bliːɡ, *bliɡ |
飶 | *bliːɡ, *bliɡ |
鴓 | *mbliːɡ |
鮅 | *pliɡ, *bliɡ |
必 | *pliɡ |
珌 | *pliɡ |
佖 | *bliɡ, *briɡ |
駜 | *bliɡ, *briɡ |
怭 | *bliɡ |
妼 | *bliɡ |
宓 | *mriɡ, *mliɡ |
樒 | *mriɡ |
密 | *mriɡ |
蔤 | *mriɡ |
滵 | *mriɡ |
蜜 | *mliɡ |
謐 | *mliɡ |
榓 | *mliɡ |
淧 | *mliɡ |
瑟 | *smriɡ, *smriɡ |
璱 | *sriɡ |
飋 | *sriɡ |
虙 | *blɯɡ |
Likely a pictogram (象形) – weapon handle made of bamboo strips; the original character for 柲 (OC *priɡs, *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ). The character was phonetically borrowed for the senses of "certainly" and "must".
Unrelated to 心, as bronze script makes clear, but in current form very similar.
Etymology[edit]
Unclear (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
必
- surely; most certainly; always; invariably
- 小大之獄,雖不能察,必以情。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, circa 4th century BCE
- Xiǎodà zhī yù, suī bù néng chá, bì yǐ qíng. [Pinyin]
- As for legal trials petty or serious, even if I could not judge with perfect justice, I always decide according to the facts.
小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- must; have to; shall
- 耶和華神對蛇說,你既作了這事,就必受咒詛,比一切的牲畜野獸更甚。你必用肚子行走,終身吃土。 [MSC, trad.]
- Yēhéhuá shén duì shé shuō, nǐ jì zuò le zhè shì, jiù bì shòu zhòuzǔ, bǐ yīqiè de shēngchù yěshòu gèng shèn. Nǐ bì yòng dùzi xíngzǒu, zhōngshēn chī tǔ. [Pinyin]
- And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed [must receive a curse] above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go [you must use your belly to go], and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life.
耶和华神对蛇说,你既作了这事,就必受咒诅,比一切的牲畜野兽更甚。你必用肚子行走,终身吃土。 [MSC, simp.]
- (literary) conjunction indicating the condition of a concession or exception, especially a hypothetical or implied one
- 子曰:「君子無所爭,必也射乎!揖讓而升,下而飲,其爭也君子。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐyuē: “Jūnzǐ wú suǒ zhēng, bì yě shè hū! Yīràng ér shēng, xià ér yìn, qí zhēng yě jūnzǐ.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "The student of virtue has no contentions. If it be said he cannot avoid them, shall this be in archery? But he bows complaisantly to his competitors; thus he ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the forfeit of drinking. In his contention, he is still the Junzi."
子曰:“君子无所争,必也射乎!揖让而升,下而饮,其争也君子。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 必不得已而去,於斯三者何先? [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bì bùdéyǐ ér qù, yú sī sānzhě hé xiān? [Pinyin]
- If it cannot be helped, and one of these must be dispensed with, which of the three should be foregone first?
必不得已而去,于斯三者何先? [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Min Nan) (of skin) to chap
- (Hakka, Min Nan) to crack
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 必
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Descendants[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
必
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: ひち (hichi)
- Kan-on: ひつ (hitsu, Jōyō)
- Kun: かならず (kanarazu, 必ず, Jōyō)
- Nanori: さだ (sada); さだむ (sadamu)
Compounds[edit]
- 必ず (kanarazu, “necessarily, certainly”)
- 必ずしも (kanarazushimo, “not always”)
- 必携 (hikkei, “handbook, manual”)
- 必死 (hisshi, “frantic, desperate”)
- 必需 (hitsushu, “necessary”)
- 必需品 (hitsushuhin, “necessities”)
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 必 (MC piɪt̚).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pʰiɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [필]
Hanja[edit]
必 (eumhun 반드시 필 (bandeusi pil))
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
- 필요 (必要, piryo)
- 필수 (必須, pilsu)
- 필승 (必勝, pilseung)
- 필연 (必然, piryeon)
- 필수 (必修, pilsu)
- 기필 (期必, gipil)
- 필시 (必是, pilsi)
- 필사 (必死, pilsa)
- 필패 (必敗, pilpae)
- 필독 (必讀, pildok)
- 필지 (必至, pilji)
- 불필 (不必, bulpil)
- 필살 (必殺, pilsal)
- 필연 (必然, piryeon)
- 필득 (必得, pildeuk)
- 필용 (必用, piryong)
- 필위 (必爲, pirwi)
- 필정 (必定, piljeong)
- 필중 (必中, piljung)
- 필지 (必知, pilji)
- 필착 (必着, pilchak)
- 필멸 (必滅, pilmyeol)
- 필벌 (必罰, pilbeol)
- 하필 (何必, hapil)
- 필멸 (必滅, pilmyeol)
- 생필품 (生必品, saengpilpum)
- 미가필 (未可必, migapil)
- 필요악 (必要惡, piryoak)
- 불필요 (不必要, bulpiryo)
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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