下
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
下 (radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 76, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
- Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4E0B
Chinese[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
下 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 丅 𠄟 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 下 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT);
- insides Sinitic, cognate to 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) "to fall, to drop", 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
- outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC graːʔ) "to descend, down, below" to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ.
- 下 (OC *gra:s) "to be put down" is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
- 下 (OC *gra:s) "to descend, to fall" is a later, general 去聲／去声 (qùshēng) derivative (ibid.).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
下
- (lower; inferior; located below)
- (to go to a lower place)
- to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
- 你快下來。 / 你快下来。 ― Nǐ kuài xià lái. ― Come down here.
- 下海 ― xiàhǎi ― to go to sea
- 下樓 / 下楼 ― xiàlóu ― to go downstairs
- 下山 ― xiàshān ― to go down the mountain
- 走下 ― zǒuxià ― to walk down
- 落下 ― luòxià ― to fall down
- 跳下深淵 / 跳下深渊 ― tiàoxià shēnyuān ― to jump down to an abyss
- (as complement) completely, thoroughly
- to get out of; to leave
- † to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
- (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
- to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
- (to move something to a lower place)
- (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
- 下筆 / 下笔 ― xiàbǐ ― to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
- 下腳 / 下脚 ― xiàjiǎo ― to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
- 下藥 / 下药 ― xiàyào ― to drug someone (lit., "to put the drug down")
- 下榻 ― xiàtà ― to stay the night (lit., "to put the bed down")
- to put food into boiling water
- to rain or snow
- to give birth (as an animal)
- (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
- to give or issue something to an inferior person
- 下令 ― xiàlìng ― to issue an order
- to send an invitation
- † to conquer
- (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
- (a short time)
- (historical, obsolete) Synonym of 點: an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
- (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下.
- Classifier for the number of occurances: time
- to alight, to get off (a vehicle)
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 下 (“to go down; to descend”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 下 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 下 |
| Taiwan | 下 | |
| Muping | 下 | |
| Jinan | 下 | |
| Wanrong | 下 | |
| Xi'an | 下 | |
| Yinchuan | 下 | |
| Xining | 下 | |
| Ürümqi | 下 | |
| Yangzhou | 下 | |
| Malaysia | 下 | |
| Singapore | 下 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 落 |
| Hong Kong | 落 | |
| Yangjiang | 落 | |
| Nanning | 落 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 落 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 落 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 下 |
| Pingxiang | 下 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 落 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 下 |
| Xinzhou | 下 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 下 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 落 |
| Quanzhou | 落 | |
| Zhangzhou | 落 | |
| Zhao'an | 落 | |
| Taipei | 落 GT | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 落 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 落 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 落 | |
| Chaozhou | 落 | |
| Shantou | 落 | |
| Jieyang | 落 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 落 | |
| Wenchang | 落 | |
| Haikou | 落 | |
| Qionghai | 落 | |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 落 |
| Jinhua | 落 | |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 一下 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 一下, 看看 |
| Malaysia | 一下 | |
| Singapore | 一下 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 下 |
| Hong Kong | 下 | |
| Macau | 下 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 下 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 下 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 看覓 |
| Quanzhou | 看覓 | |
| Zhangzhou | 看覓 | |
| Taipei | 看覓 | |
| Kaohsiung | 看覓 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 看覓, 一下 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 看覓 | |
| Chaozhou | 睇, 下睇 | |
| Shantou | 一下 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 睇 | |
See also[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 下
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- “下”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00005
- “Entry #175”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan][2] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
下
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
- Kun: した (shita, 下, Jōyō); しも (shimo, 下, Jōyō); もと (moto, 下, Jōyō); さがる (sagaru, 下がる, Jōyō); さげる (sageru, 下げる, Jōyō); くだる (kudaru, 下る, Jōyō); くだす (kudasu, 下す, Jōyō); くださる (kudasaru, 下さる, Jōyō); おりる (oriru, 下りる, Jōyō); おろす (orosu, 下ろす, Jōyō)
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| した Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
/sita/ → /ɕita/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨simo1⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| もと Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with 本 (moto, “origin”).[3][4]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| げ Grade: 1 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| か Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Affix[edit]
Suffix[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Okinawan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]
Cognate with mainland Japanese 下 (shita).
Noun[edit]
下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)
- the below
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun[edit]
下 (sita) (kana した)
- the below
- looking down
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
- ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- a place
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
- ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- Antonym: 上 (upe2)
- looking down
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 下 (shita)
Etymology 2[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun[edit]
下 (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 下 (shimo)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
下: Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
下: Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]
- Hán tự form of hạ (“to lower; to bring down; to take down”).
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
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