下

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See also: 丅 and 卞
下 U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B
← 上
[U+4E0A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丌 →
[U+4E0C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character[edit]

下 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 下
alternative forms 丅 ancient
𠄟

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 下
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j00145

j00146

j00147

j00148

j00149

j00150

j00151

j00152

j00153

j00154

j00155

j00156

j00157

j00158

j00159

j00160

j00161

j00162

Bronze inscriptions

b00153

b00154

b00155

b00156

b00157

b00158

b00159

b00160

b00161

b00162

Small seal script

s00016

Transcribed ancient scripts

L34992

L34993

L34994

L34995

L34996

L34997

L34998

L34999

L35000

L35001

L17177

L17178

L17179

L17180

L17181

L17182

L17183

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丅 *ɡraːʔ
下 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs
芐 *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ

In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):

  • inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
  • outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).

Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:

  • 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
  • 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ha4 - vernacular;
  • xia4 - literary.
  • Cantonese
    • Note: haa5 - “in a short time etc.”.
    Note:
    • hā - literary;
    • à - vernacular.
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • hâ - literary;
    • â, giâ - vernacular.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • hā/hǎ/hēe/hiěe - literary;
    • hē/hě/hēe/hiěe/khē/khě - vernacular (“to put”);
    • ē/ě/ēe/ěe - vernacular (“next; a short time”);
    • kē/kě/kēe/kiěe (often replaced by 低 (dī)) - vernacular (“low, short”).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hia6 / ê6 / ê7 / gê6 / hê6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă / ĕ / ē / kĕ / hĕ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hia³⁵/, /e³⁵/, /e¹¹/, /ke³⁵/, /he³⁵/
    Note:
    • hia6 - literary;
    • ê6 - vernacular;
    • ê7 - classifier;
    • gê6 - “low, short” (often replaced by 低 (dī));
    • hê6 - “to put in, to start”.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 3hho - vernacular;
    • 2xia, 3hhia - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 下 (底下) 下 (下降) 下 (等一下子)
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/
    Harbin /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
    Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/
    Jinan /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/
    Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/
    Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/ ～頭 /ɕia⁴⁴/ /xa⁴⁴/
    Xining /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
    Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/
    Lanzhou /xa¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
    Ürümqi /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
    Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/
    /xa³⁵/
    Chengdu /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
    Guiyang /xa²¹³/
    /ɕia²¹³/     		/ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
    Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/ /ɕia̠²¹²/ /xa̠²¹²/
    Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ /xa⁴⁵/
    /ɕia⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/
    Hohhot /ɕiaʔ⁰/ /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
    /ɕia⁵³/     		/ɦo²³/
    /ɕia⁵³/     		/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
    Suzhou /ɦo³¹/ /ɦo³¹/
    Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/
    Wenzhou /ɦo³⁵/ /ɦo²²/ /o⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
    /xa³⁵/     		/ɕia²²/
    /xa²²/     		/xa²²/
    Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
    /ɕia¹¹/     		/xa¹¹/
    Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/ /ɕiɒ²¹/ /ɦɒ²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /ha⁴⁴/ /ha³¹/ /ha⁵³/
    Taoyuan /hɑ²⁴/ /hɑ⁵⁵/ /hɑ⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha²³/
    Nanning /ha²⁴/ /ha²²/ /ha²²/
    Hong Kong /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ha²²/
    /ke²²/     		/ha²²/ /ha²²/
    /e²²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ɑ²⁴²/ /kiɑ²⁴²/ /hɑ²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tai²¹/ /a⁴²/ /xa⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /e³⁵/ /hia³⁵/ /e³¹/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ɛ³³/ /ɛ³³/ /ɛ²³/
    Rime
    Character 下 下
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) II II
    Fanqie 胡雅切 胡駕切
    Baxter haeX haeH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠaX/ /ɦˠaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦᵚaX/ /ɦᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦaɨX/ /ɦaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xià xià
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		haa6 haa6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 下 下
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xià xià
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hæX › ‹ hæH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡˁraʔ/ /*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/
    English down descend

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 下 下
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 13445 13446
    Phonetic
    component         		下 下
    Rime
    group         		魚 魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		下 暇
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡraːʔ/ /*ɡraːs/
    This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
    Particularly: “Taishanese”

    Definitions[edit]

    下

    1. (lower; inferior; located below)
      Antonym: 上 (shàng)
      1. low position
        下層／下层  ―  xiàcéng  ―  lower level
      2. lower part of; under
        樹下／树下  ―  shùxià  ―  under the tree
        樓下／楼下  ―  lóuxià  ―  downstairs
        1. under the influence of; with
          在這些條件下／在这些条件下  ―  zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià  ―  under these conditions
          在朋友的幫助下／在朋友的帮助下  ―  zài péngyǒu de bāngzhù xià  ―  with help from friends
          在藥師指導下／在药师指导下  ―  zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià  ―  under the instruction of a pharmacist
      3. later; next
        下個世紀／下个世纪  ―  xià ge shìjì  ―  the next century
        下卷  ―  xiàjuǎn  ―  Volume II
      4. † inferior, poor
        下人  ―  xiàrén  ―  servant
        下品  ―  xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
      5. (Min Dong, Min Nan, Xiang) low (quantity or absolute position)
        alt. forms: 低 (dī) (Min Nan)
    2. (to go to a lower place)
      Antonym: 上 (shàng)
      1. to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
        你快下來。／你快下来。  ―  Nǐ kuài xià lái.  ―  Come down here.
        下海  ―  xiàhǎi  ―  to go to sea
        下樓／下楼  ―  xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
        下山  ―  xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
        走下  ―  zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
        落下  ―  luòxià  ―  to fall down
        跳下深淵／跳下深渊  ―  tiàoxià shēnyuān  ―  to jump down to an abyss
        1. (as complement) completely, thoroughly
          拿下  ―  náxià  ―  to capture; to arrest
          打下基礎／打下基础  ―  dǎxià jīchǔ  ―  to lay the foundation
      2. to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off
        下船  ―  xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
        下床  ―  xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
        1. to finish, to complete
          下班  ―  xiàbān  ―  to get off work
          下課／下课  ―  xiàkè  ―  to finish class
      3. † to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
        下鄉／下乡  ―  xiàxiāng  ―  to go to the countryside
        下館子／下馆子  ―  xiàguǎnzǐ  ―  to go to the restaurant
        下野  ―  xiàyě  ―  to be forced to step down
      4. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
    3. (to move something to a lower place)
      1. (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
        下筆／下笔  ―  xiàbǐ  ―  to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
        下腳／下脚  ―  xiàjiǎo  ―  to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
        下藥／下药  ―  xiàyào  ―  to drug someone (lit., "to put the drug down")
        下榻  ―  xiàtà  ―  to stay the night (lit., "to put the bed down")
        1. to put food into boiling water
          下麵條／下面条  ―  xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
          下餃子／下饺子  ―  xià jiǎozǐ  ―  to put dumplings into boiling water
        2. to rain or snow
          下雪  ―  xiàxuě  ―  to snow
          下雨  ―  xiàyǔ  ―  to rain
        3. to give birth (as an animal)
          下豬仔／下猪仔  ―  xià zhūzaǐ  ―  to have piglets
          下蛋  ―  xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
        4. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
          先去下個軟件。／先去下个软件。  ―  Xiān qù xià ge ruǎnjiàn.  ―  Download the software first.
      2. to give or issue something to an inferior person
        下令  ―  xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
        1. to send an invitation
          下戰書／下战书  ―  xià zhànshū  ―  to send a letter of challenge
      3. † to conquer
        連下三城／连下三城  ―  lián xià sān chéng  ―  to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
    4. (a short time)
      1. (historical, obsolete) Synonym of 點／点 (diǎn): an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
      2. (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下.
        alt. forms: 吓 (Cantonese)
        1. for a short time; for one moment
          等下  ―  děng xià  ―  wait a moment
        2. give something a go
          看下  ―  kàn xià  ―  take a look
          睇下 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  take a look
          聞下／闻下 [Cantonese]  ―  man4 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  try smelling it
      3. Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
        敲三下門。／敲三下门。  ―  Qiāo sān xià mén.  ―  Knock at the door three times.

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 下 (“to go down; to descend”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 下
    Mandarin Beijing 下
    Taiwan 下
    Yantai (Muping) 下
    Jinan 下
    Wanrong 下
    Xi'an 下
    Yinchuan 下
    Xining 下
    Ürümqi 下
    Yangzhou 下
    Malaysia 下
    Singapore 下
    Cantonese Guangzhou 落
    Hong Kong 落
    Yangjiang 落
    Nanning 落
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 落
    Singapore (Guangfu) 落
    Gan Nanchang 下
    Pingxiang 下
    Hakka Meixian 落
    Jin Taiyuan 下
    Xinzhou 下
    Min Bei Jian'ou 下
    Min Nan Xiamen 落
    Quanzhou 落
    Zhangzhou 落
    Zhao'an 落
    Taipei 落 GT
    Penang (Hokkien) 落
    Singapore (Hokkien) 落
    Manila (Hokkien) 落
    Chaozhou 落
    Shantou 落
    Jieyang 落
    Singapore (Teochew) 落
    Wenchang 落
    Haikou 落
    Qionghai 落
    Singapore (Hainanese) 落
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 落
    Wu Shanghai 落
    Suzhou 落
    Hangzhou 下, 落
    Hangzhou (Yuhang) 落
    Wenzhou 落
    Jinhua 落
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
    Dialectal synonyms of 一下 (“give something a go; give something a try”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 一下
    Mandarin Taiwan 一下, 看看
    Malaysia 一下
    Singapore 一下
    Cantonese Guangzhou 下
    Hong Kong 下
    Macau 下
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 下
    Singapore (Guangfu) 下
    Min Nan Xiamen 看覓
    Quanzhou 看覓
    Zhangzhou 看覓
    Taipei 看覓
    Kaohsiung 看覓
    Penang (Hokkien) 看覓
    Singapore (Hokkien) 看覓, 一下
    Manila (Hokkien) 看覓, 一下
    Chaozhou 睇, 下睇
    Shantou 一下
    Singapore (Teochew) 睇
    Wu Shanghai 一記, 看
    Suzhou 一記, 看
    Ningbo 一記, 看
    Dialectal synonyms of 低 (“low”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 低
    Mandarin Beijing 低
    Taiwan 低
    Jinan 低
    Xi'an 低
    Wuhan 低, 矮
    Chengdu 矮, 低
    Yangzhou 低
    Hefei 低, 矮
    Malaysia 低
    Singapore 低
    Cantonese Guangzhou 低
    Hong Kong 低
    Taishan 低
    Yangjiang 低
    Singapore (Guangfu) 低
    Gan Nanchang 低, 矮
    Hakka Meixian 低, 矮
    Jin Taiyuan 低
    Min Bei Jian'ou 矮
    Min Dong Fuzhou 下, 矮
    Min Nan Xiamen 下
    Quanzhou 下
    Zhangzhou 下
    Tainan 下
    Penang (Hokkien) 下
    Singapore (Hokkien) 下
    Manila (Hokkien) 下
    Chaozhou 下, 矮
    Shantou 下
    Jieyang 下
    Singapore (Teochew) 下
    Pontianak (Teochew) 下
    Singapore (Hainanese) 低
    Wu Suzhou 低
    Ningbo 低, 矮
    Zhoushan 低, 矮
    Wenzhou 低, 矮
    Xiang Changsha 低, 矮, 下
    Shuangfeng 低, 矮

    See also[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (下):
    • → Japanese: 下(か) (ka); 下(げ) (ge)
    • → Korean: 하(下) (ha)
    • → Vietnamese: hạ (下)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    下

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    下
    した
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    /sita/ → /ɕita/

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    下(した) • (shita) 

    1. the underneath
      Antonym: 上 (ue)
      • 1928, 梶井基次郎(かじいもとじろう) [Kajii Motojirō], 桜(さくら)の樹(き)の下(した)には (Sakura no ki no shita ni wa) [Under the cherry trees]‎[2], 新字新仮名 edition:
        桜(さくら)の樹(き)の下(した)には屍体(したい)が埋(う)まっている！これは信(しん)じていいことなんだよ。
        Sakura no ki no shita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru! Kore wa shinjite ii koto na n da yo.
        There are dead bodies buried under the cherry trees! This is something you should believe.
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    下
    しも
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    ⟨simo1⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    下(しも) • (shimo) 

    1. the lower portion, end
      Antonym: 上 (kami)
    2. lowness in degree or rank
    3. the downstream portion of a river
    4. the downriver area
    5. the area farther from the capital
    6. the last part of a month, year, etc.
    7. the lower half of the body
    8. (euphemistic) privates
    9. (euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    下
    もと
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with 本 (moto, “origin”).[3][4]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    下(もと) • (moto) 

    1. the lower portion, base
    2. under the influence of
      同(どう)意(い)のもと、 […]
      dōi no moto, […]
      with permission, […]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    下
    げ
    Grade: 1
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).

    The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    下(げ) • (ge) 

    1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    下
    か
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).

    The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    下(か) • (ka) 

    1. down; below; beneath

    Suffix[edit]

    下(か) • (-ka) 

    1. under a situation

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    4. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    下 (eumhun 아래 하 (arae ha))

    1. (only used in compounds) Hanja form? of 하 (“below; bottom; lower; underneath”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]

    Cognate with mainland Japanese 下 (shita).

    Noun[edit]

    下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)

    1. the below

    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46


    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *sita.

    Noun[edit]

    下 (sita) (kana した)

    1. the below
      1. looking down
        • 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
          ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
          ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
          (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      2. a place
        • 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
          ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
          ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
          (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      Antonym: 上 (upe2)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 下 (shita)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *simo.

    Noun[edit]

    下 (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)

    1. the lower part
      Antonym: 上 (kami1)
    Descendants[edit]
    • Japanese: 下 (shimo)

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    下: Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
    下: Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]

    1. chữ Hán form of hạ (“to lower; to bring down; to take down”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=下&oldid=73238023"