下

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下 U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B
← 上
[U+4E0A]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 丌 →
[U+4E0C]
See also: 丅 and 卞

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
下-order.gif
Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character[edit]

下 (radical 1 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)

  1. under, underneath, below
  2. down
  3. inferior
  4. bring down

Antonyms[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 下
alt. forms 丅
𠄟

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 下
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
下-oracle.svg 下-bronze.svg 下-bigseal.svg 下-seal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j00145.svg

j00145
ACC-j00146.svg

j00146
ACC-j00147.svg

j00147
ACC-j00148.svg

j00148
ACC-j00149.svg

j00149
ACC-j00150.svg

j00150
ACC-j00151.svg

j00151
ACC-j00152.svg

j00152
ACC-j00153.svg

j00153
ACC-j00154.svg

j00154
ACC-j00155.svg

j00155
ACC-j00156.svg

j00156
ACC-j00157.svg

j00157
ACC-j00158.svg

j00158
ACC-j00159.svg

j00159
ACC-j00160.svg

j00160
ACC-j00161.svg

j00161
ACC-j00162.svg

j00162
Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b00153.svg

b00153
ACC-b00154.svg

b00154
ACC-b00155.svg

b00155
ACC-b00156.svg

b00156
ACC-b00157.svg

b00157
ACC-b00158.svg

b00158
ACC-b00159.svg

b00159
ACC-b00160.svg

b00160
ACC-b00161.svg

b00161
ACC-b00162.svg

b00162
Large seal script
ACC-L34992.svg

L34992
ACC-L34993.svg

L34993
ACC-L34994.svg

L34994
ACC-L34995.svg

L34995
ACC-L34996.svg

L34996
ACC-L34997.svg

L34997
ACC-L34998.svg

L34998
ACC-L34999.svg

L34999
ACC-L35000.svg

L35000
ACC-L35001.svg

L35001
ACC-L17177.svg

L17177
ACC-L17178.svg

L17178
ACC-L17179.svg

L17179
ACC-L17180.svg

L17180
ACC-L17181.svg

L17181
ACC-L17182.svg

L17182
ACC-L17183.svg

L17183
Small seal script
ACC-s00016.svg

s00016
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丅 *ɡraːʔ
下 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs
芐 *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ

下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ha4 - vernacular;
  • xia4 - literary.
Note:
  • hā/hǎ/hēe - literary;
  • hē/hě/hēe/khē/khě, ē/ě/ēe, kē/kě/kēe (often replaced by 低) - vernacular.
Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 2xia - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 下 (底下) 下 (下降) 下 (等一下子)
Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/
Jinan /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/
Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/
Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/ ～頭 /ɕia⁴⁴/ /xa⁴⁴/
Xining /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou /xa¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Ürümqi /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/
/xa³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Guiyang /xa²¹³/
/ɕia²¹³/ 		/ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/ /ɕia̠²¹²/ /xa̠²¹²/
Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ /xa⁴⁵/
/ɕia⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕiaʔ⁰/ /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/ 		/ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/ 		/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
Suzhou /ɦo³¹/ /ɦo³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦo³⁵/ /ɦo²²/ /o⁴²/
Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
/xa³⁵/ 		/ɕia²²/
/xa²²/ 		/xa²²/
Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
/ɕia¹¹/ 		/xa¹¹/
Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/ /ɕiɒ²¹/ /ɦɒ²¹/
Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/
Hakka Meixian /ha⁴⁴/ /ha³¹/ /ha⁵³/
Taoyuan /hɑ²⁴/ /hɑ⁵⁵/ /hɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha²³/
Nanning /ha²⁴/ /ha²²/ /ha²²/
Hong Kong /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha¹³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ha²²/
/ke²²/ 		/ha²²/ /ha²²/
/e²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ɑ²⁴²/ /kiɑ²⁴²/ /hɑ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tai²¹/ /a⁴²/ /xa⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /e³⁵/ /hia³⁵/ /e³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ɛ³³/ /ɛ³³/ /ɛ²³/
Rime
Character 下 下
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 胡雅切 胡駕切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦˠaX/ /ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦᵚaX/ /ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦaɨX/ /ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Wang
Li		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xià xià
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 下 下
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xià xià
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hæX › ‹ hæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡˤraʔ/ /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s/
English down descend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 下 下
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 13445 13446
Phonetic
component		 下 下
Rime
group		 魚 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 下 暇
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡraːʔ/ /*ɡraːs/

Definitions[edit]

下

  1. lower part, low position; down
    Antonyms: 上 (shàng)
  2. under
  3. low
  4. inferior, poor
    • 下品  ―  xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
  5. next
    • 下次  ―  xiàcì  ―  next time
  6. to go down; to get out of
    • 下船  ―  xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
    • 下樓 / 下楼  ―  xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
    • 下山  ―  xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
    • 走下  ―  zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
    • 下床  ―  xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
  7. to fall down; to rain or snow
    • 落下  ―  luòxià  ―  to fall down
    • 下雪  ―  xiàxuě  ―  to snow
    • 下雨  ―  xiàyǔ  ―  to rain
  8. to give; to issue
    • 下令  ―  xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
  9. to put in
    • 下麵條 / 下面条  ―  xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
  10. to begin, to start
  11. to finish, to complete
    • 下班  ―  xiàbān  ―  to get off work
    • 下課 / 下课  ―  xiàkè  ―  to finish class
  12. to give birth (as an animal)
    • 下豬仔 / 下猪仔  ―  xià zhūzǐ  ―  to have piglets
  13. to lay (egg)
    • 下蛋  ―  xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
  14. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
  15. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
  16. with, under
    在藥師指導下 / 在药师指导下  ―  zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià  ―  under the instruction of a pharmacist
  17. Used after a verb to express height.
  18. Used after a verb to express space.
  19. Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
  20. Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
  21. Classifier for the number of actions.

See also[edit]

  • 落 (luò)
  • (down): 低 (dī)

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 下

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

下

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
下
した
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

下 (hiragana した, rōmaji shita)

  1. the below

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
下
しも
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

下 (hiragana しも, rōmaji shimo)

  1. lower portion, end

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
下
もと
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

下 (hiragana もと, rōmaji moto)

  1. lower portion; base
  2. under the influence of

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
下
げ
Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

下 (hiragana か, rōmaji -ka)

  1. under a situation

Noun[edit]

下 (hiragana げ, rōmaji ge)

  1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

下 • (ha)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 하 (revised: ha, McCune-Reischauer: ha)
    • Name (hangeul): 아래 (revised: alae, McCune-Reischauer: arae)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

Okinawan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや (shichiya).[1]

Noun[edit]

下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)

  1. under

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

下 (hạ)

  1. Below
  2. To go below, under, or to fall

下山: to go down a mountain

  1. To sent:

下令: to command, to sent an order

  1. Strip off:

下枪: to strip off one's weapon

  1. To decide:

下藥: to give prescription

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