下
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
下 (radical 1 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 76, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
- Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4E0B
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
下 | |
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alt. forms | 丅 𠄟 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 下 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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Old Chinese | |
丅 | *ɡraːʔ |
下 | *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs |
芐 | *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ |
下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): haa6, haa5
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hâ / há / ha
- Min Bei (KCR): à
- Min Dong (BUC): hâ
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): hho (T3); xia (T2)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Wade-Giles: hsia4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
- IPA (key): /ɕi̯a̠⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ha4 / xia4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xa / xia
- IPA (key): /xa²¹³/, /ɕia²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- ha4 - vernacular;
- xia4 - literary.
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: haa6, haa5
- Yale: hah, háh
- Cantonese Pinyin: haa6, haa5
- Guangdong Romanization: ha6, ha5
- IPA (key): /hɑː²²/, /hɑː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hâ / há / ha
- Hakka Romanization System: ha´ / ha` / ha
- Hagfa Pinyim: ha1 / ha3 / ha4
- IPA: /ha²⁴/, /ha³¹/, /ha⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: à
- IPA (key): /a⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
- IPA (key): /hɑ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
- Tâi-lô: hā
- Phofsit Daibuun: ha
- IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ
- Tâi-lô: hǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
- Tâi-lô: hē
- Phofsit Daibuun: he
- IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hě
- Tâi-lô: hě
- IPA (Quanzhou): /he²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
- Tâi-lô: hēe
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khē
- Tâi-lô: khē
- Phofsit Daibuun: qe
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰe²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰe³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khě
- Tâi-lô: khě
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰe²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ē
- Tâi-lô: ē
- Phofsit Daibuun: e
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /e³³/
- IPA (Xiamen): /e²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ě
- Tâi-lô: ě
- IPA (Quanzhou): /e²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ēe
- Tâi-lô: ēe
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɛ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kē
- Tâi-lô: kē
- Phofsit Daibuun: ke
- IPA (Xiamen): /ke²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ke³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kě
- Tâi-lô: kě
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ke²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kēe
- Tâi-lô: kēe
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- hā/hǎ/hēe - literary;
- hē/hě/hēe/khē/khě, ē/ě/ēe, kē/kě/kēe (often replaced by 低) - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hia6 / ê6 / ê7 / gê6 / hê6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă / ĕ / ē / kĕ / hĕ
- IPA (key): /hia³⁵/, /e³⁵/, /e¹¹/, /ke³⁵/, /he³⁵/
- hia6 - literary;
- ê6 - vernacular;
- ê7 - classifier;
- gê6 - “low, short”;
- hê6 - “to put in, to start”.
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hho (T3); xia (T2)
- IPA (key): /ɦo²³/, /ɕia̱³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
- 3hho - vernacular;
- 2xia - literary.
-
Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 下 (底下) | 下 (下降) | 下 (等一下子) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕia⁵¹/ | /ɕia⁵¹/ | /ɕia⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕiɑ⁵³/ | /ɕiɑ⁵³/ | /ɕiɑ⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /ɕia²¹/ | /ɕia²¹/ | /ɕia²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /ɕia⁴²/ | /ɕia⁴²/ | /ɕia⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ɕia³¹²/ | /ɕia³¹²/ | /ɕia³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /xa⁴⁴/ ~頭 | /ɕia⁴⁴/ | /xa⁴⁴/ | |
Xining | /xa²¹³/ | /ɕia²¹³/ | /xa²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕia¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /xa¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | /xa¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /xa²¹³/ | /ɕia²¹³/ | /xa²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕia³⁵/ | /ɕia³⁵/ | /ɕia³⁵/ /xa³⁵/ |
|
Chengdu | /ɕia¹³/ | /ɕia¹³/ | /xa¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ |
/ɕia²¹³/ | /xa²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /ɕia̠²¹²/ | /ɕia̠²¹²/ | /xa̠²¹²/ | |
Nanjing | /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ | /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ | /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | /ɕia⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /xa⁴⁵/ | /ɕia⁴⁵/ | /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /xɑ³⁵/ | /xɑ³⁵/ | /xɑ³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕiaʔ⁰/ | /ɕia⁵⁵/ | /ɕia⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦo²³/ /ɕia⁵³/ |
/ɦo²³/ /ɕia⁵³/ |
/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇) |
Suzhou | /ɦo³¹/ | /ɦo³¹/ | ||
Hangzhou | /ɦiɑ¹³/ | /ɦiɑ¹³/ | /ɦiɑ¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ɦo³⁵/ | /ɦo²²/ | /o⁴²/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ɕia²²/ /xa³⁵/ |
/ɕia²²/ /xa²²/ |
/xa²²/ |
Tunxi | /xɔ²⁴/ | /xɔ²⁴/ | /xɔ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /xa¹¹/ | /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia¹¹/ |
/xa¹¹/ |
Xiangtan | /ɦɒ²¹/ | /ɕiɒ²¹/ | /ɦɒ²¹/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /hɑ²¹/ | /hɑ²¹/ | /hɑ²¹/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ha⁴⁴/ | /ha³¹/ | /ha⁵³/ |
Taoyuan | /hɑ²⁴/ | /hɑ⁵⁵/ | /hɑ⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ha²²/ | /ha²²/ | /ha²³/ |
Nanning | /ha²⁴/ | /ha²²/ | /ha²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /ha²²/ | /ha²²/ | /ha¹³/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /ha²²/ /ke²²/ |
/ha²²/ | /ha²²/ /e²²/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ɑ²⁴²/ | /kiɑ²⁴²/ | /hɑ²⁴²/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /tai²¹/ | /a⁴²/ | /xa⁴⁴/ | |
Shantou (Min Nan) | /e³⁵/ | /hia³⁵/ | /e³¹/ | |
Haikou (Min Nan) | /ɛ³³/ | /ɛ³³/ | /ɛ²³/ |
Rime | ||
---|---|---|
Character | 下 | 下 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 匣 (33) |
Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 麻 (98) |
Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
Division (等) | II | II |
Fanqie | 胡雅切 | 胡駕切 |
Reconstructions | ||
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠaX/ | /ɦˠaH/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/ɦᵚaX/ | /ɦᵚaH/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦaɨX/ | /ɦaɨH/ |
Li Rong |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
Wang Li |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣaX/ | /ɣaH/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xià | xià |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
---|---|---|
Character | 下 | 下 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xià | xià |
Middle Chinese |
‹ hæX › | ‹ hæH › |
Old Chinese |
/*ɡˤraʔ/ | /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s/ |
English | down | descend |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
---|---|---|
Character | 下 | 下 |
Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
No. | 13445 | 13446 |
Phonetic component |
下 | 下 |
Rime group |
魚 | 魚 |
Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
下 | 暇 |
Old Chinese |
/*ɡraːʔ/ | /*ɡraːs/ |
Definitions[edit]
下
- lower part, low position; down
- Antonyms: 上 (shàng)
- under
- low
- inferior, poor
-
下品 ― xiàpǐn ― inferior products
-
- next
-
下次 ― xiàcì ― next time
-
- to go down; to get out of
- to fall down; to rain or snow
- to give; to issue
-
下令 ― xiàlìng ― to issue an order
-
- to put in
- to begin, to start
- to finish, to complete
-
下班 ― xiàbān ― to get off work
-
- to give birth (as an animal)
- to lay (egg)
-
下蛋 ― xiàdàn ― to lay eggs
-
- (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
- (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
- with, under
- Used after a verb to express height.
- Used after a verb to express space.
- Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
- Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
- Classifier for the number of actions.
See also[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Goon: げ (ge, Jōyō)
- Kan’on: か (ka, Jōyō)
- Kun: した (shita, 下, Jōyō); しも (shimo, 下); もと (moto, 下, Jōyō); さがる (sagaru, 下がる, Jōyō); さげる (sageru, 下げる, Jōyō); くだる (kudaru, 下る, Jōyō); くだす (kudasu, 下す, Jōyō); くださる (kudasaru, 下さる, Jōyō); おりる (oriru, 下りる, Jōyō); おろす (orosu, 下ろす, Jōyō)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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下 |
した Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the below
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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下 |
しも Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- lower portion, end
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
下 |
もと Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- lower portion; base
- under the influence of
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
下 |
げ Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
- under a situation
Noun[edit]
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
下 • (ha)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References[edit]
Okinawan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]
Noun[edit]
下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
下 (hạ)
下山: to go down a mountain
- To sent:
下令: to command, to sent an order
- Strip off:
下枪: to strip off one's weapon
- To decide:
下藥: to give prescription
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading さ-がる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さ-げる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くだ-る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くだ-す
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くだ-さる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お-りる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お-ろす
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- ja:Taxonomy
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