城

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城 U+57CE, 城
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57CE
← 埍
[U+57CD] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 埏 →
[U+57CF]
U2f852.svg
城 U+2F852, 城
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F852
← 壮
[U+2F851] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 埴 →
[U+2F853]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character[edit]

城 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土戈竹尸 (GIHS), four-corner 43150, composition ⿰土成)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 229, character 32
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5086
  • Dae Jaweon: page 465, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 438, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+57CE

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 城
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 城
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
城-bronze.svg 城-silk.svg 城-seal.svg 城-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (成) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
成 *djeŋ
城 *djeŋ
誠 *djeŋ
宬 *djeŋ
郕 *djeŋ
筬 *djeŋ
盛 *djeŋ, *djeŋs
珹 *djeŋ
晟 *djeŋs
墭 *djeŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *djeŋ): semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 成 (OC *djeŋ).

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with 成 (OC *djeŋ, “to complete”), 盛 (OC *djeŋ, “to hold with a receptacle”), 盛 (OC *djeŋs, “abundant; flourishing”), as 城 (OC *djeŋ, “city wall”) was made of filled-in or stamped earth (Schuessler, 2007). See 成 for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • sing4 - literary;
  • seng4(-2) - vernacular.
Note:
  • sen3 - literary;
  • siang3(*) - vernacular.
  • Gan
    • Note:
    • sang4 - vernacular;
    • ciin2 - literary.
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
    • Note:
    • sêng - literary;
    • iǎng - vernacular (e.g. 浦城).
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • siàng - vernacular;
    • chiàng - vernacular (e.g. 城門);
    • sìng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • siâⁿ - vernacular;
    • sêng - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 城
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 常 (25)
    Final (韻) 清 (121)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 是征切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡ʑiᴇŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡ʑiɛŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡ʑiæŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡ʑiajŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʑiɛŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ʑĭɛŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʑi̯ɛŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chéng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sing4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 城
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chéng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzyeng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[d]eŋ/
    English city wall

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 城
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 1418
    Phonetic
    component         		成
    Rime
    group         		耕
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		成
    Old
    Chinese         		/*djeŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    城

    1. city wall
      兵臨城下 / 兵临城下  ―  bīnglínchéngxià  ―  the enemy army is just outside of the walls of the city
    2. area within the city walls
      紫禁城  ―  Zǐjìnchéng  ―  Forbidden City
    3. city; town
      城鄉 / 城乡  ―  chéngxiāng  ―  urban and rural areas
    4. large commercial venue
      服裝城 / 服装城  ―  fúzhuāng chéng  ―  (please add an English translation of this example)
      美食城  ―  měishí chéng  ―  (please add an English translation of this example)
    5. (literary) to construct city walls
    6. A surname​.

    See also[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 城

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (城):
    • → Japanese: 城(じょう) (jō)
    • → Korean: 성 (城, seong)
    • → Vietnamese: thành (城)

    Others:

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    城

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    城 (shiro, gusuku, ki, shiki, jō): a castle.
    Kanji in this term
    城
    しろ
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    Derivation unknown. The shiro reading for this character appears in 794 CE when the 山背 (Yamashiro) region was renamed 山城[1], by Emperor Kanmu, thus applying the shiro reading to the 城 kanji for the first time.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    城(しろ) • (shiro) 

    1. castle
    Synonyms[edit]
    Usage notes[edit]

    The shiro reading may be used most often when this term appears as a standalone noun.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    城
    ぐすく
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    Borrowed from older Okinawan (Modern Okinawan 城 (gushiku)). The final ku may be cognate with mainland Japanese ki (see below).

    The initial gu may be cognate with 御 (go, “honorific”), but it is problematic in that the only honorary prefixes found in Omoro Sōshi are 御 (mi) and 御 (o). Suku may be related to しけ (shike, “a holy place”) or cognate with 塞 (soko, “fortress”). While written with the kanji for "castle", textual and cultural evidence suggests that the initial primary meaning was a holy place.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • IPA(key): [ɡɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝkɯ̟ᵝ]

    Noun[edit]

    城(ぐすく) • (gusuku) 

    1. (obsolete, Okinawa) castle
      • 1531-1623: Omoro Sōshi
        一 聞得大君ぎや 降れて 遊びよわれば 天が下 平らげて ちよわれ 又 鳴響む精高子が 又 首里杜ぐすく 真玉杜ぐすく
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Usage notes[edit]

    Not used in isolation in modern Japanese. This term remains as an element in various place names.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    城
    き
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    柵

    ki2: [kɨ] > [ki]

    From Old Japanese, from Baekje 己 (*kɨ, “walled settlement”).[3]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    城(き) • (ki) 

    1. (archaic) a structure surrounded by a moat or walls: a fortress, castle
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4331)
        天皇乃 等保能朝[廷]等 之良奴日 筑紫國波 安多麻毛流 於佐倍乃城曽等 聞食 四方國尓波 比等佐波尓 美知弖波安礼杼 登利我奈久 安豆麻乎能故波 伊田牟可比 加敝里見世受弖 伊佐美多流 多家吉軍卒等 祢疑多麻比 麻氣乃麻尓々々 多良知祢乃 波々我目可礼弖 若草能 都麻乎母麻可受 安良多麻能 月日餘美都々 安之我知流 難波能美津尓 大船尓 末加伊之自奴伎 安佐奈藝尓 可故等登能倍 由布思保尓 可知比伎乎里 安騰母比弖 許藝由久伎美波 奈美乃間乎 伊由伎佐具久美 麻佐吉久母 波夜久伊多里弖 大王乃 美許等能麻尓末 麻須良男乃 許己呂乎母知弖 安里米具[理] 事之乎波良[婆] 都々麻波受 可敝理伎麻勢登 伊波比倍乎 等許敝尓須恵弖 之路多倍能 蘇田遠利加敝之 奴婆多麻乃 久路加美之伎弖 奈我伎氣遠 麻知可母戀牟 波之伎都麻良波
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
      • 787-824: Nihon Ryōiki (preface, page 201)
        原夫内経外書 伝於日本 而興始代 凡有二時 皆自百済国将禮來之 軽嶋豊明宮御宇誉田天皇代 外書來之 礒城訓紀嶋金刺宮御宇鉄明天皇代 内典來也 [...]
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    城
    しき
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    磯城

    Originally a compound of 石 (shi, “stone”) +‎ 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    城(しき) • (shiki) 

    1. (archaic) a castle, a fortress

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    城
    じょう
    Grade: 4
    goon

    /zjau/ → */ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/

    From Middle Chinese 城 (MC d͡ʑiᴇŋ). Compare modern Min Nan reading siâⁿ.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    城(じょう) • (jō) ←じやう (zyau)?

    1. a castle, a fortress
      盛(もり)岡(おか)城(じょう)
      Morioka-jō
      Morioka Castle

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ John Bentley (2000), “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research‎[1], volume 36, issue 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 城 (MC d͡ʑiᴇŋ).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쎠ᇰ (Yale: ssyèng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 잣〮 (Yale: cás) 셔ᇰ (Yale: syèng)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    城 (eumhun 재 성 (jae seong))

    1. Hanja form? of 성 (“castle”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    城 (hiragana ぐしく, rōmaji gushiku)

    1. a gusuku (Ryukyuan castle)
    2. a word used in placenames
      中 (なか)城 (ぐしく)からやいびーん。
      Nakagushiku kara yaibīn.
      I am from Nakagusuku.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    城: Hán Nôm readings: thành, nhật

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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