己

See also: 乙, 已, and 巳

己 U+5DF1, 己 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DF1 ← 巰 [U+5DF0] CJK Unified Ideographs 已 → [U+5DF2]

⼰ U+2F30, ⼰ KANGXI RADICAL ONESELF ← ⼯ [U+2F2F] Kangxi Radicals ⼱ → [U+2F31]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

己 (radical 49, 己+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 尸山 (SU), four-corner 1771₇, composition ⿳𠃍一乚)

1. Kangxi radical #49, ⼰.
2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №518

Derived characters

• Index:Chinese radical/己
• 𠯇, 圮, 妃, 屺, 忋, 𢩵, 𣲆, 𣅗, 杞, 𬉺, 玘, 𥐦, 䄫, 紀(纪), 記(记), 𨊲, 配, 𨥈, 魢(鱾), 𩾩
• 包 (Japanese form)

Descendants

• こ (Hiragana character derived from man'yōgana)
• コ (Katakana character derived from man'yōgana)

Further reading

Wikisource

• KangXi: page 326, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8742
• Dae Jaweon: page 630, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 983, character 5
• Unihan data for U+5DF1

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Baekje

Noun

己 (*kɨ) (Nihon shoki 基 or 紀)

1. walled settlement

   Synonyms: 忽 (hwər), サシ (casI)

Descendants

• → Old Japanese: 城 (ki₂)
  • Japanese: 城 (ki)

References

• John Bentley (2000) , “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research‎^[1], volume 36, issue 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443
• Alexander Vovin (2005) , “Koguryo and Paekche: Different Languages or Dialects of Old Korean?”, in Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, volume 2, issue 2, Koguryo Research Foundation, pages 108—140
• Alexander Vovin (2013) , “From Koguryo to T'amna”, in Korean Linguistics‎^[2], volume 15, issue 2, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 222—240

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		己
alternative forms		𢀒

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 己
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (己) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
改	*klɯːʔ
跽	*ɡrɯʔ
己	*kɯʔ
紀	*kɯʔ
妀	*kɯʔ
記	*kɯs
杞	*kʰɯʔ
屺	*kʰɯʔ
芑	*kʰɯʔ
邔	*kʰɯʔ, *ɡɯs
玘	*kʰɯʔ
忌	*ɡɯs
鵋	*ɡɯs
誋	*ɡɯs
梞	*ɡɯs

Pictogram (象形) – silk rope for binding objects. Original form of 紀 (OC *kɯʔ). The character must not be confused with 已 and 巳.

Etymology

Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jǐ (ji³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˇ

  (Chengdu, SP): ji³

  (Dungan, Cyrillic): җи (ži, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gei²
• Gan (Wiktionary): ji³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kí

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gi³

• Jin (Wiktionary): ji²
• Min Bei (KCR): gǐ
• Min Dong (BUC): gī
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kī / kí

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gi² / gi⁷

• Wu (Wiktionary): ji (T2)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): ji³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ
    • Wade–Giles: chi3
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jii
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jǐ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²¹⁴/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ji³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic: җи (ži, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gei²
    • Yale: géi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gei²
    • Guangdong Romanization: géi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯³⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: ji³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kí
    • Hakka Romanization System: gi`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gi³
    • Sinological IPA: /ki³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gi³
    • Sinological IPA: /ci³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: ji²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕi⁵³/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǐ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki²¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gī
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kī / kí
    • Tâi-lô: kī / kí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki, kie
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ki²²/, /ki⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ki⁴¹/, /ki⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki²²/, /ki⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ki³³/, /ki⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki³³/, /ki⁴¹/

Note: kī - vernacular, kí - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gi² / gi⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kí / kī
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵²/, /ki¹¹/

Note: gi7 - used in 家己.

• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: ji (T2)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ji³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /kɨ^X/

Rime
Character	己
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居里切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨX/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨX/
Shao Rongfen	/kieX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨX/
Li Rong	/kiəX/
Wang Li	/kĭəX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kiX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)əʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	己	己
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jǐ	jǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ kiX ›	‹ kiX ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)əʔ/	/*k(r)əʔ/
English	6th heavenly stem	self
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	己
Reading #	1/1
No.	5765
Phonetic component	己
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kɯʔ/

Definitions

己

1. self; oneself
2. personal; private
3. the sixth of the ten heavenly stems
4. A surname​.

Coordinate terms

• (heavenly stems) 天干; 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Compounds

Derived terms from 己

• 一己 (yījǐ)
• 一己之私 (yījǐzhīsī)
• 一己之見／一己之见 (yījǐzhījiàn)
• 人一己百
• 人己一視／人己一视
• 人溺己溺
• 人飢己飢／人饥己饥
• 以己度人
• 修己
• 先人後己／先人后己
• 克己 (kèjǐ)
• 克己主義／克己主义
• 克己奉公 (kèjǐ fènggōng)
• 克己復禮／克己复礼 (kèjǐfùlǐ)
• 克盡己職／克尽己职
• 入己
• 切己
• 利人利己
• 利己 (lìjǐ)
• 利己主義／利己主义 (lìjǐzhǔyì)
• 利己妨人
• 占為己有／占为己有
• 反求諸己／反求诸己
• 叨在知己
• 各執己見／各执己见 (gèzhíjǐjiàn)
• 各抒己見／各抒己见 (gèshūjǐjiàn)
• 各持己見／各持己见 (gèchíjǐjiàn)
• 嗇己奉公／啬己奉公
• 嚴於律己／严于律己
• 固執己見／固执己见 (gùzhíjǐjiàn)
• 天涯知己
• 奉公正己
• 威福由己
• 威福自己
• 孤行己意
• 孤行己見／孤行己见
• 安分守己 (ānfènshǒujǐ)
• 害人利己
• 害人害己
• 家己 (ka-kī)
• 審己度人／审己度人

• 尊己卑人
• 小己
• 屈己待人 (qūjǐ dàirén)
• 屈己從人／屈己从人
• 己任 (jǐrèn)
• 己方 (jǐfāng)
• 己飢己溺／己饥己溺
• 徇公忘己
• 徇國忘己／徇国忘己
• 律己 (lǜjǐ)
• 復禮克己／复礼克己
• 恃才矜己
• 恕己及人
• 恕己及物
• 恭己
• 恭己待人
• 愛人如己／爱人如己 (àirénrújǐ)
• 打擊異己／打击异己
• 打體己／打体己
• 捨己就人／舍己就人
• 捨己從人／舍己从人
• 捨己成人／舍己成人
• 捨己救人／舍己救人
• 捨己為人／舍己为人
• 捨己為公／舍己为公
• 排斥異己／排斥异己
• 推己及人 (tuījǐjírén)
• 揚己露才／扬己露才
• 揣己
• 損人利己／损人利己 (sǔnrénlìjǐ)
• 損人安己／损人安己
• 損人益己／损人益己
• 損人肥己／损人肥己
• 損己利物／损己利物
• 據為己有／据为己有 (jùwéijǐyǒu)
• 昧己瞞心／昧己瞒心
• 枉己正人
• 梯己
• 正中己懷／正中己怀
• 正己守道
• 潔己／洁己

• 潔己奉公／洁己奉公
• 潔己愛人／洁己爱人
• 異己／异己 (yìjǐ)
• 瘠人肥己
• 瘠己肥人
• 直己 (zhíjǐ)
• 直抒己見／直抒己见
• 瞞心昧己／瞒心昧己
• 矜己任智
• 矜己自飾／矜己自饰
• 知己 (zhījǐ)
• 知己知彼 (zhījǐzhībǐ)
• 知己話／知己话
• 知彼知己 (zhībǐzhījǐ)
• 私己 (sījǐ)
• 立身行己
• 紅粉知己／红粉知己
• 罪己 (zuìjǐ)
• 罪己詔／罪己诏 (zuìjǐzhào)
• 自己 (zìjǐ)
• 自己人 (zìjǐrén)
• 舍己從人／舍己从人
• 舍己芸人
• 著己
• 虛己／虚己
• 虛己受人／虚己受人
• 行己有恥／行己有耻
• 行己有方
• 衒材揚己／衒材扬己
• 視如己出／视如己出
• 誅鋤異己／诛锄异己
• 貼己／贴己 (tiējǐ)
• 身不由己 (shēnbùyóujǐ)
• 身己 (shēnjǐ)
• 逞己失眾／逞己失众
• 露才揚己／露才扬己
• 風塵知己／风尘知己
• 養家肥己／养家肥己
• 體己／体己 (tīji)
• 體己信兒／体己信儿

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Japanese

Kanji

己

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. itself, oneself

Readings

• Go-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
• Kun: おのれ (onore, 己, Jōyō); おの (ono, 己); おら (ora, 己); おれ (ore, 己); つちのと (tsuchinoto, 己)
• Nanori: おと (oto); な (na); み (mi)

Compounds

Compounds

• 己(こ)心(しん) (koshin)
• 己(こ)身(しん) (koshin)
• 已己巳己(いこみき) (ikomiki)
• 一(いっ)己(こ) (ikko)
• 克(こっ)己(き) (kokki)
• 自(じ)己(こ) (jiko)
• 妲(だっ)己(き) (Dakki)
• 知(ち)己(き) (chiki), 知(ち)己(こ) (chiko)
• 利(り)己(こ) (riko)
• 及己(フタリシズカ) (futarishizuka)
• 単己(するすみ) (surusumi)

Usage notes

Used in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 C.E.) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨i⟩, ⟨ko₂⟩, and ⟨go₂⟩.

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
己
き Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 己 (MC kɨ^X).

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• (Tokyo) き​ [kíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kʲi]

Proper noun

己(き) • (Ki) 

1. the sixth of the ten Heavenly Stems

   Hypernym: 十干 (Jikkan)

Derived terms

• 己巳(きし) (Kishi)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
己
つちのと Grade: 6
kun’yomi

Originally a compound of 土 (tsuchi, “earth”, one of the Chinese five elements) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”).

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) つちの​と [tsùchínóꜜtò] (Nakadaka – [3])
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥ᵝt͡ɕino̞to̞]

Proper noun

己(つちのと) • (Tsuchinoto) 

1. the sixth of the ten Heavenly Stems

   Hypernym: 十干 (Jikkan)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
己
おのれ Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From 己 (ono, reflexive or first-person pronoun, see below) +‎ れ (re, “thing”, demonstrative nominalizer ending).

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) おのれ [ònóré] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [o̞no̞ɾe̞]

Pronoun

己(おのれ) • (onore) 

1. reflexive pronoun: oneself
2. first-person pronoun: I, me
3. second-person pronoun: you (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

   Synonyms: お前 (omae), 貴様 (kisama)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 己(おのれ)と (onore to)
• 己(おのれ)やれ (onore yare)
• 己(おのれ)顔(がお) (onoregao)
• 己(おのれ)奴(め) (onoreme)
• 己(おのれ)等(ら) (onorera)
• 己(おのれ)を枉(ま)ぐ (onore o magu)
• 勝(か)つは己(おのれ)に克(か)つより大(だい)なるはなし (katsu wa onore ni katsu yori dai naru wa nashi)

See also

Classical Japanese pronouns and demonstratives

	a-/wa- “I, we” (first person)	na-/-ma- “you, ye, thou” (second person)	k- “this” (close to speaker)	s- “that” (close to listener)	a-/ka- “that over there” (far from both)	i-/ta-/nani- “who, what, where, how, when” (interrogative)	ono- “oneself” (reflexive)
Person	あ (a) あれ (are) わ (wa) われ (ware) まろ (maro)	な (na) なれ (nare) なんぢ (nanji) まし (mashi) いまし (imashi) みまし (mimashi) きみ (kimi)	こ (ko) これ (kore)	そ (so) それ (sore)	あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare)	た (ta) たれ (tare) なにがし (nanigashi)	おの (ono) おのれ (onore)
Thing			こ (ko) これ (kore)	そ (so) それ (sore)	あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare)	いづれ (izure) なに (nani)
Location			ここ (koko)	そこ (soko)	あしこ (ashiko) かしこ (kashiko)	いづく (izuku) いづこ (izuko) いどこ (idoko) どこ (doko)
Direction			こち (kochi) こなた (konata)	そち (sochi) そなた (sonata)	あち (achi) あなた (anata) かなた (kanata)	いづち (izuchi) いづら (izura) いづかた (izukata)
Manner			か (ka) かく (kaku) かくて (kakute) かう (kō)	さ (sa) さて (sate) しか (shika)		いか (ika)
Time						いつ (itsu)

Adverb

己(おのれ) • (onore) 

1. by oneself

   Synonyms: 自然に (shizen ni), 独りでに (hitori de ni)

Interjection

己(おのれ) • (onore) 

1. An interjection expressing anger or chagrin

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
己
おの Grade: 6
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronoun

己(おの) • (ono) 

1. reflexive pronoun: oneself
2. first-person pronoun: I, me

   Synonyms: 私 (watakushi), 我 (ware)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 己(おの)が (onoga)
• 己様(おのさま) (onosama)
• 自(おの)ずから (onozukara)
• 己妻(おのづま), 己夫(おのづま) (onozuma)
• 己(おの)等(ら) (onora)

See also

Classical Japanese pronouns and demonstratives

	a-/wa- “I, we” (first person)	na-/-ma- “you, ye, thou” (second person)	k- “this” (close to speaker)	s- “that” (close to listener)	a-/ka- “that over there” (far from both)	i-/ta-/nani- “who, what, where, how, when” (interrogative)	ono- “oneself” (reflexive)
Person	あ (a) あれ (are) わ (wa) われ (ware) まろ (maro)	な (na) なれ (nare) なんぢ (nanji) まし (mashi) いまし (imashi) みまし (mimashi) きみ (kimi)	こ (ko) これ (kore)	そ (so) それ (sore)	あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare)	た (ta) たれ (tare) なにがし (nanigashi)	おの (ono) おのれ (onore)
Thing			こ (ko) これ (kore)	そ (so) それ (sore)	あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare)	いづれ (izure) なに (nani)
Location			ここ (koko)	そこ (soko)	あしこ (ashiko) かしこ (kashiko)	いづく (izuku) いづこ (izuko) いどこ (idoko) どこ (doko)
Direction			こち (kochi) こなた (konata)	そち (sochi) そなた (sonata)	あち (achi) あなた (anata) かなた (kanata)	いづち (izuchi) いづら (izura) いづかた (izukata)
Manner			か (ka) かく (kaku) かくて (kakute) かう (kō)	さ (sa) さて (sate) しか (shika)		いか (ika)
Time						いつ (itsu)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
己
おれ Grade: 6
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) おれ [òré] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [o̞ɾe̞]

Pronoun

己(おれ) • (ore) 

1. Alternative spelling of 俺 (ore): first-person pronoun: I, me

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 己様(おれさま) (oresama)
• 己共(おんども) (ondomo)
• 己(おれ)奴(め) (oreme)
• 己(おれ)等(ら) (orera)
• 如己(もころ)男(お) (mokoroo)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
己
おら Grade: 6
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronoun

己(おら) • (ora) 

1. first-person pronoun: I, me

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
己
うぬ Grade: 6
Irregular

Sound shift from ono (see above).

Alternative forms

• 汝

Pronunciation

• (Irregular reading)
• (Tokyo) うぬ [ùnú] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) う​ぬ [úꜜnù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝnɯ̟ᵝ]

• Pronunciation for pronoun senses unknown.

Pronoun

己(うぬ) • (unu) 

1. second-person pronoun: you
2. reflexive pronoun: oneself

   Synonym: 自分自身 (jibun-jishin)

Derived terms

• 己(うぬ)等(ら) (unura)

Interjection

己(うぬ) • (unu) 

1. (vulgar) you!; you blockhead!

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
己
うら Grade: 6
Irregular

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronoun

己(うら) • (ura) 

1. first-person pronoun: I, me

Etymology 9

Kanji in this term
己
おどれ Grade: 6
Irregular

Sound shift from onore (see above).

Pronoun

己(おどれ) • (odore) 

1. second-person pronoun: you

   Synonyms: 己 (unu), 貴様 (kisama)

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Korean

Hanja

己 (eumhun 자기 기 (jagi gi))

1. Hanja form^? of 기 (“self”).

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Vietnamese

Han character

己: Hán Nôm readings: kỷ, kỉ, kỳ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.