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ここ

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: こご, ごご, and 🈁

Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Alternative spellings
此処
此所
(rare)
(rare)
(rare)

⟨ko2ko2/koko/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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ここ or こゝ (koko

  1. (deictically) here; this place, area, or part (near the speaker) (Can be juxtaposed with a phrase with (de) or (ni).)
    • 1985 December 20, Taeko Watanabe, “(だい)(よん)(じゅう)(はち)() ()(ぞく) (いち) [Chapter 48: Family I]”, in ファミリー! [Family!], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 72:
      シアトルから()()へは…(むす)()(たず)ねてきました…ぼくは———ジョナサン・アレンの(ちち)(おや)です
      Shiatoru kara koko e wa… musuko o tazunetekimashita …Boku wa ———Jonasan Aren no chichioya desu
      I came here (to LA) from Seattle… to look for my son …I am —Jonathan Allen’s father
    • 2004 August 17, CLAMP, “Chapitre(シャピトル).46(よんじゅうろく) (ゆめ)()(かい) [Chapitre 46: Dream World]”, in ツバサ RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE [Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle], volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 91:
      ここ桜花(エドニス)(こく)にある妖精遊園地(フェアリーパーク)
      Koko wa Edonisu-koku ni aru Fearī Pāku
      This is Fairy Park of Edonis
  2. (deictically) this organization or team (near or associated with the speaker) (Can be juxtaposed with a phrase with (de) or (ni).)
  3. (anaphorically) here; this place, area, or part I am talking about
    • c. 1368, 太平記 [Taiheiki, Chronicle of Peace]‎[1], first scroll:
      1 ()(だい)()(てん)(のう)()()(せい)(こと)(つき)()()(はん)(じょう)(こと)
      (ここ)(ほん)(ちょう)(じん)(のう)(はじめ)(じん)()(てん)(のう)より(きゅう)(じゅう)()(だい)(みかど)()(だい)()(てん)(のう)御宇(ぎょう)()て、()(しん)相摸(さがみ)守平(たいら)(たか)(とき)(うん)(しゃ)あり。
      1 Godaigo Tennō gochisei koto tsuki buke hanjō koto
      Koko ni Honchō Jinnō no hajime, Jinmu Tennō yori kyūjūgodai no mikado, Godaigo Tennō no gyō ni ate, fushin Sagami Taira Takatoki to unsha ari.
      1. Prospering of the family during the reign of Emperor Godaigo
      Here first appearing in the court of Emperor Jimmu, the 95th mikado, who reigned as Emperor Godaigo, there is military retainer Sagami Taira Takatoki.
  4. (anaphorically) this organization or team I am talking about
Usage notes
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  • The hiragana spelling (ここ) is preferred to its kanji spellings, which are rarely used.
See also
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Japanese demonstratives
ko-
“this”
(close to speaker)
so-
“that”
(close to listener)
a-
“that over there”
(far from both)
do-
“which”
(indeterminate, question)
Object これ (kore) それ (sore) あれ (are) どれ (dore)
これら (korera) それら (sorera) あれら (arera)
Determiner この (kono) その (sono) あの (ano) どの (dono)
これら (korera no) それら (sorera no) あれら (arera no)
Kind こんな (konna) そんな (sonna) あんな (anna) どんな (donna)
こういう (kō iu) そういう (sō iu) ああいう (ā iu) どういう (dō iu)
Place ここ (koko) そこ (soko) あそこ (asoko)* どこ (doko)
こっから (kokkara) そっから (sokkara) どっから (dokkara)
Direction / Human こちら (kochira) そちら (sochira) あちら (achira) どちら (dochira)
こなた (konata) そなた (sonata) あなた (anata) どなた (donata)
Direction こっち (kotchi) そっち (sotchi) あっち (atchi) どっち (dotchi)
Human こいつ (koitsu) そいつ (soitsu) あいつ (aitsu) どいつ (doitsu)
Manner こう () そう () ああ (ā)** どう ()
Degree これくらい (kore kurai) それくらい (sore kurai) あれくらい (are kurai) どれくらい (dore kurai)
これだけ (kore dake) それだけ (sore dake) あれだけ (are dake) どれだけ (dore dake)
これほど (kore hodo) それほど (sore hodo) あれほど (are hodo) どれほど (dore hodo)

* irregular
** regular (long vowel)
† potentially rude or derogatory

The kanji () (ko), () (so), () (a), and () (do) can be used for determiners, but they are almost always spelled in hiragana.

Classical Japanese pronouns and demonstratives
a-/wa-
“I, we”
(first person)
na-/-ma-
“you, ye, thou”
(second person)
k-
“this”
(close to speaker)
s-
“that”
(close to listener)
a-/ka-
“that over there”
(far from both)
i-/ta-/nani-
“who, what, where, how, when”
(interrogative)
ono-
“oneself”
(reflexive)
Person (a)
あれ (are)
(wa)
われ (ware)
まろ (maro)
(na)
なれ (nare)
なんぢ (nanji)
まし (mashi)
いまし (imashi)
みまし (mimashi)
きみ (kimi)
(ko)
これ (kore)
(so)
それ (sore)
(a)
あれ (are)
(ka)
かれ (kare)
(ta)
たれ (tare)
なにがし (nanigashi)
おの (ono)
おのれ (onore)
Thing (ko)
これ (kore)
(so)
それ (sore)
(a)
あれ (are)
(ka)
かれ (kare)
いづれ (izure)
なに (nani)
Location ここ (koko) そこ (soko) あしこ (ashiko)
かしこ (kashiko)
いづく (izuku)
いづこ (izuko)
いどこ (idoko)
どこ (doko)
Direction こち (kochi)
こなた (konata)
そち (sochi)
そなた (sonata)
あち (achi)
あなた (anata)
かなた (kanata)
いづち (izuchi)
いづら (izura)
いづかた (izukata)
Manner (ka)
かく (kaku)
かくて (kakute)
かう ()
(sa)
さて (sate)
しか (shika)
いか (ika)
Time いつ (itsu)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of ここ – see the following entries.
個個
[noun] one by one; separately
Alternative spellings
箇箇, 個々, こゝ
戸戸
[noun] every house
Alternative spelling
こゝ
呱呱
[adverb] (onomatopoeia) representation of a baby's cry, especially the cry of a newborn baby
Alternative spellings
呱々, こゝ
ゆき5
[proper noun] a female given name
Alternative spellings
こころ, のぞみ, しい, のぞむ,
(This term, ここ (koko), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as ここ, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ここ.

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN