辛

辛 U+8F9B, 辛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9B ← 辚 [U+8F9A] CJK Unified Ideographs 辜 → [U+8F9C]

See also: 幸 and 羍

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

辛 (radical 160 辛+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿十 (YTJ), four-corner 0040₁, composition ⿱立十)

1. Kangxi radical #160, ⾟ (“bitter”).

Derived forms

• Index:Chinese radical/辛

References

• KangXi: page 1250, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38630
• Dae Jaweon: page 1729, character 31
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4036, character 1
• Unihan data for U+8F9B

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		辛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 辛
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (辛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
親	*sʰin, *sʰins
寴	*sʰin, *sʰins
儭	*sʰins, *sʰrins
瀙	*sʰins, *ʔsrin, *sʰrins
辛	*siŋ
新	*siŋ
薪	*siŋ
襯	*sʰrins
櫬	*sʰrins
嚫	*t͡sʰrinh
莘	*sriŋ
騂	*seŋ
垶	*seŋ
觪	*seŋ

Pictogram (象形) – Picture of a tool - a carving knife or a chisel - used to mark slaves and criminals.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xīn (xin¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): san¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sîn
• Min Dong (BUC): sĭng
• Min Nan (POJ): sin
• Wu (Wiktionary): xin (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: xīn
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
    • Wade-Giles: hsin¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
    • IPA ^(key): /ɕin⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: san¹
    • Yale: sān
    • Cantonese Pinyin: san¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: sen¹
    • IPA ^(key): /sɐn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn
    • Hakka Romanization System: xin´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xin¹
    • IPA: /ɕin²⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
    • IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
    • Tâi-lô: sin
    • Phofsit Daibuun: syn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕin⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕin³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕin⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɕin⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕin⁴⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: xin (T1)
    • IPA ^(key): /ɕɪɲ⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: /siɪn/▼

Rime
Character	辛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	息鄰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/siɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/sin/
Shao Rongfen	/sjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sin/
Li Rong	/siĕn/
Wang Li	/sĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/si̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xīn

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[s]i[n]/, /*si[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*siŋ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	辛	辛
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xīn	xīn
Middle Chinese	‹ sin ›	‹ sin ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]i[n]/	/*si[n]/
English	pungent; painful	8th heavenly stem
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	辛
Reading #	1/1
No.	13810
Phonetic component	辛
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	新
Old Chinese	/*siŋ/
Notes	甲文象黥刺刀具，𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

辛

1. spicy; hot; pungent

   辛辣  ―  xīnlà  ―  spicy

2. hard; laborious; toilsome

   辛苦  ―  xīnkǔ  ―  laborious

3. suffering; hardship; misery

   辛酸  ―  xīnsuān  ―  bitter

4. The eighth of the ten heavenly stems.
5. (in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII
6. (organic chemistry) octa-
7. A surname​.

Compounds

• 不辭辛勞／不辞辛劳
• 停辛佇苦／停辛伫苦
• 備嘗辛苦／备尝辛苦
• 千辛百苦
• 千辛萬苦／千辛万苦 (qiānxīnwànkǔ)
• 后辛
• 含辛茹苦
• 庚辛
• 悲辛
• 戴奧辛／戴奥辛 (dài'àoxīn)
• 歷盡艱辛／历尽艰辛 (lì jìn jiānxīn)
• 白辛樹／白辛树
• 祕辛

• 細辛／细辛 (xìxīn)
• 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
• 苦辛 (kǔxīn)
• 茹苦含辛
• 萬苦千辛／万苦千辛
• 葷辛／荤辛
• 赫爾辛基／赫尔辛基 (Hè'ěrxīnjī)
• 辛丑和約／辛丑和约
• 辛亥革命 (Xīnhài gémìng)
• 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
• 辛勤 (xīnqín)
• 辛夷 (xīnyí)

• 辛安驛／辛安驿
• 辛巴威 (Xīnbāwēi)
• 辛巴達／辛巴达
• 辛盤／辛盘
• 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
• 辛螫
• 辛辛苦苦
• 辛辛那提 (Xīnxīnnàtí)
• 辛辣 (xīnlà)
• 辛酸 (xīnsuān)
• 酸辛
• 高辛氏

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Japanese

Kanji

辛

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. spicy
2. bitter
3. hot
4. acrid

Readings

• Goon: しん (shin)
• Kan’on: しん (shin)
• Kun: からい (karai), つらい (tsurai), かのと (kanoto)

Compounds

• 辛党
• 辛味
• 辛気
• 辛気臭い
• 辛苦
• 辛酸
• 辛勝
• 辛抱
• 辛辣
• 辛労

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
辛
しん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 辛 (sin)

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) し​ん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka - [1])
  • IPA^(key): [ɕĩɴ]
• Homophones: 心, 臣, 参, 芯, 信, 神, 真, 紳, 軫, 寝, 新, 箴, 震, 親, 讖

Proper noun

辛 (hiragana しん, rōmaji Shin)

1. the eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
辛
かのと Grade: S
kun'yomi

金 (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • (Tokyo) かの​と [kànóꜜtò] (Nakadaka - [2])
  • (Tokyo) かのと [kànótó] (Heiban - [0])
  • IPA^(key): [ka̠no̞to̞]

Proper noun

辛 (hiragana かのと, rōmaji Kanoto)

1. the eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems

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Korean

Hanja

辛 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune-Reischauer shin, sin, Yale sin)

1. bitter
2. toilsome, laborious
3. 8th heavenly stem

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Vietnamese

Han character

辛 (tân, tăn, tơn, tăng)

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