初
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
初 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 中尸竹 (LSH), four-corner 37220, composition ⿰衤刀)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 137, character 33
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1911
- Dae Jaweon: page 310, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 327, character 22
- Unihan data for U+521D
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
初 | |
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alternative forms |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 初 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意): 衤 (“clothes”) + 刀 (“knife; to cut”) – start making clothes by cutting the cloth.
The various 𢀰-shaped glyphs are or are evolved from Zetian characters.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
初
- initial; inceptive
- 初夏 ― chūxià ― early summer
- first
- prefix of dates from 1st to 10th in the Chinese calendar
- 初三 ― chūsān ― third day of a lunar month
- original
- 初衷 ― chūzhōng ― one’s initial intention; original idea
- elementary; basic
- beginning; start
- just
Compounds[edit]
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References[edit]
- “初”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: そ (so)
- Kan-on: しょ (sho, Jōyō)
- Kun: はじめ (hajime, 初め, Jōyō); はじめて (hajimete, 初めて, Jōyō); はつ (hatsu, 初, Jōyō); うい (ui, 初, Jōyō)←うひ (ufi, 初, historical); そめる (someru, 初める, Jōyō); うぶ (ubu, 初)
- Nanori: し (shi); もと (moto)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
はつ Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
⟨patu⟩ → /ɸat͡su/ → /hat͡su/
From Old Japanese.
Possible cognates include 始め (hajime, “beginning”) and 端 (ha, “edge of something”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Noun[edit]
- a first, start, a beginning
- (slang) first sexual relations, one's first time
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
うい Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
/uɸi/ → /uwi/ → /ui/
First attested in the Kokin Wakashū of roughly 905-914 CE,[2] and assumed to be inherited from Old Japanese.
There is an apparently related term 初 (ubu) of overlapping synonymous meaning, first attested in the early 1000s. It is unclear how these two terms are related: one might be a derivation of the other, or the two might derive separately via other processes.
Both ui and ubu appear to be related to verb 生む (umu, “to birth”), from the sense of "first of something since one has been born".
Martin suggests that this might be a fusion of 生む (umu, “to birth”) + 日 (hi, “day”), literally “birthday”.[3] However, the meaning of any such compound would be the noun birthday with a sense of "the day a woman gives birth" rather than "the day someone is born". Also, phonologically, this would be expected to result in ubi: /umu/ + /pi/ → /umupi/ → /umpi/ → /ubi/.
Possibly cognate with 上 (ue, “above”, possibly via the sense of "upstream → earlier") or classical verb 生ふ (ancient opu, classical ofu, modern ou, “to grow”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Prefix[edit]
- [from early 900s] the first of something
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
うぶ Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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初心 |
From stem up- cognate with ui (historical uhi) above. Cause of the shift in voicing is uncertain. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
初 • (ubu) -na (adnominal 初な (ubu na), adverbial 初に (ubu ni))
Inflection[edit]
Stem forms | |||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 初だろ | うぶだろ | ubu daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 初で | うぶで | ubu de |
Terminal (終止形) | 初だ | うぶだ | ubu da |
Attributive (連体形) | 初な | うぶな | ubu na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 初なら | うぶなら | ubu nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 初であれ | うぶであれ | ubu de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 初ではない 初じゃない |
うぶではない うぶじゃない |
ubu de wa nai ubu ja nai |
Informal past | 初だった | うぶだった | ubu datta |
Informal negative past | 初ではなかった 初じゃなかった |
うぶではなかった うぶじゃなかった |
ubu de wa nakatta ubu ja nakatta |
Formal | 初です | うぶです | ubu desu |
Formal negative | 初ではありません 初じゃありません |
うぶではありません うぶじゃありません |
ubu de wa arimasen ubu ja arimasen |
Formal past | 初でした | うぶでした | ubu deshita |
Formal negative past | 初ではありませんでした 初じゃありませんでした |
うぶではありませんでした うぶじゃありませんでした |
ubu de wa arimasen deshita ubu ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 初で | うぶで | ubu de |
Conditional | 初なら(ば) | うぶなら(ば) | ubu nara (ba) |
Provisional | 初だったら | うぶだったら | ubu dattara |
Volitional | 初だろう | うぶだろう | ubu darō |
Adverbial | 初に | うぶに | ubu ni |
Degree | 初さ | うぶさ | ubusa |
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
しょ Grade: 4 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 初 (MC t͡ʃʰɨʌ).
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 初夏 (shoka)
- 初学 (shogaku)
- 初期 (shoki)
- 初級 (shokyū)
- 初月 (shogetsu)
- 初見 (shoken)
- 初婚 (shokon)
- 初春 (shoshun)
- 初秋 (shoshū)
- 初心 (shoshin)
- 初速度 (shosokudo)
- 初代 (shodai)
- 初対面 (shotaimen)
- 初冬 (shotō)
- 初頭 (shotō)
- 初七日 (shonanuka), 初七日 (shonanoka)
- 初乳 (shonyū)
- 初任 (shonin)
- 初歩 (shoho)
- 最初 (saisho)
- 太初 (taisho)
- 当初 (tōsho)
- 年初 (nensho)
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
そ(め) > ぞ(め) Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 初 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 初, is an alternative spelling (uncommon) of the above term.) |
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
はじ(め) Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
Nominalization of 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”).
Proper noun[edit]
- a male given name
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “初”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ^ Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
初 (eumhun 처음 초 (cheo'eum cho))
Compounds[edit]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Ryukyuan *patu.
Cognate with Japanese 初 (hatsu-).
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
初 (hachi-)
Derived terms[edit]
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Japonic *patu.
Possible cognates include 始め (pazime, “beginning”), 僅か (patuka, “faint”), and 端 (pa, “edge of something”).
Prefix[edit]
初 (patu-) (kana はつ)
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 初 (hatsu-)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
初: Hán Việt readings: sơ (
初: Nôm readings: xưa[1][2][3][4][5], sơ[1][2][3][5], xơ[1][2][3], thơ[1][3][4], sờ[1]
- chữ Hán form of sơ (“in the initial stage; primary; elementary”).
- Nôm form of xưa (“old; ancient; a long time ago”).
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading うい
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading うひ
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