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See also:
U+4E0A, 上
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0A

[U+4E09]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E0B]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 1, +2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜一 (YM), four-corner 21100, composition )

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 76, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13
  • Dae Jaweon: page 145, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 5, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+4E0A

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing) Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script Ming typeface



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogram (指事) : a line above another (contrast (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with (èr).

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. and trad.
alternative forms ancient
𠄞
Min Nan “most”

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (top). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, summit; pinnacle) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (to be high), zah (to respect; to revere) (STEDT).

Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin. Pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), i.e. its pronunciation has been artificially changed to preserve rhymes in classical poetry.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]

Note:
  • Xiamen siāng - only used for “most”;
  • thōng - only used for “most”.
Note:
  • zion7/ziên7 - vernacular (“upper part; up; on; above; in”);
  • siang6 - literary (“superior; most”).
Note:
  • shan5 - vernacular;
  • shan4 - literary.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (25)
    Final () (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter dzyangH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /d͡ʑɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /d͡ʑiɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /d͡ʑiɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /d͡ʑɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ʑiaŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ʑĭaŋH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren
    /ʑi̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    shàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    soeng6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    shàng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ dzyangH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*daŋʔ-s/
    English top, above (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 11103
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*djaŋs/
    Definitions
    [edit]

    1. upper part; high position; up
      Antonym: (xià)
    2. emperor
    3. on; above
        ―  shùshàng  ―  on the tree
        ―  Bǐ zài zhuōshàng.  ―  The pen is on the desk.
    4. superior; senior; top
    5. preceding; previous; last; former
        ―  shàng yī nián  ―  last year
        ―  shàng  ―  last episode
      世紀世纪  ―  shàng shìjì  ―  last century
    6. first of several (usually two or three) partitions
      Antonyms: , (xià)
      西遊記西游记  ―  Xīyóujì shàng  ―  Journey to the West I
      古漢語中古漢語 [MSC, trad.]
      古汉语中古汉语 [MSC, simp.]
      shànggǔ hànyǔ hé zhōnggǔ hànyǔ [Pinyin]
      Old Chinese and Middle Chinese
    7. within; in; from the standpoint of; according to
      理論理论  ―  zài lǐlùn shàng  ―  according to theory
      這個世界这个世界  ―  zài zhège shìjiè shàng  ―  in this world
      英文沒有相似說法 [MSC, trad.]
      英文没有相似说法 [MSC, simp.]
      Zài yīngwén shàng méiyǒu xiàngsì de shuōfǎ. [Pinyin]
      There is no similar way of wording in English.
    8. (Southern Min) most; extremely
    Synonyms
    [edit]

    Pronunciation 2

    [edit]

    Note:
    • sông / song1 - “to go up; to go; to attend” (major reading);
    • sóng / song3 - “to fit; to install; to apply”.
    Note:
    • siông - “to go up” (major reading);
    • chiông - only in “to pull up”.
    Note:
    • chiūⁿ/chiōⁿ/chiǔⁿ - “to go up” (major reading);
    • chhiūⁿ/chhiōⁿ/chhiǔⁿ - only in “to pull up; to grow; to pile up”.
    Note:
    • shan5 - vernacular;
    • shan4 - literary.

      Rime
      Character
      Reading # 1/2
      Initial () (25)
      Final () (105)
      Tone (調) Rising (X)
      Openness (開合) Open
      Division () III
      Fanqie
      Baxter dzyangX
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang
      /d͡ʑɨɐŋX/
      Pan
      Wuyun
      /d͡ʑiɐŋX/
      Shao
      Rongfen
      /d͡ʑiɑŋX/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank
      /d͡ʑɨaŋX/
      Li
      Rong
      /ʑiaŋX/
      Wang
      Li
      /ʑĭaŋX/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren
      /ʑi̯aŋX/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex
      shàng
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex
      soeng6
      BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character
      Reading # 1/3 2/3
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)
      shàng shàng
      Middle
      Chinese
      ‹ dzyangX › ‹ dzyangX ›
      Old
      Chinese
      /*Cə-daŋʔ/ /*m-daŋʔ/
      English ascend to put up

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character
      Reading # 1/2
      No. 11102
      Phonetic
      component
      Rime
      group
      Rime
      subdivision
      0
      Corresponding
      MC rime
      Old
      Chinese
      /*djaŋʔ/
      Definitions
      [edit]

      1. to go up; to ascend
      2. to charge; to advance
          ―  Shàng a!  ―  Charge!
      3. to go to; to leave for (a place) (usually to a more developed place)
        省城  ―  shàng xǐngchéng  ―  to go to the province capital
      4. to board; to get on
          ―  Qǐng shàng chē.  ―  Please get into the car.
      5. to serve; to present; to offer
        還有 [MSC, trad.]
        还有 [MSC, simp.]
        Háiyǒu liǎng ge cài méi shàng. [Pinyin]
        There're two dishes that haven't been served.
          ―  Shàng bǐ hé zhǐ lái.  ―  Give me the pen and the paper.
      6. to attend (class, work)
          ―  shàngbān  ―  to go to work
        夜校  ―  shàng yèxiào.  ―  She goes to night school.
      7. to enter (a field); to appear (on stage, TV)
      8. to fit; to install; to apply
        油漆  ―  shàng yóuqī  ―  to apply paint
      9. to screw; to tighten, to twist
      10. (colloquial) Short for 上線 (“to go online”).
      11. to connect to; browse (a website)
        谷歌  ―  shàng Gǔgē  ―  to go on Google; to google
      12. (Cantonese) to go north
      13. (Min) to pull upwards or hang with a rope
        [Hokkien]  ―  chhiūⁿ-chúi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to draw water from a well
      14. (Southern Min) to grow and attach
        青苔 [Hokkien]  ―  chhiūⁿ chheⁿ-thî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to grow moss
      15. (Xiamen Hokkien) to pile up
        [Hokkien]  ―  chhiūⁿ-hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to pile up goods
      16. (vulgar, usually of a male) to fuck; to have intercourse (usually with a female)
      17. Particle following verbs, indicating direction or achievement.
        安排  ―  Ānpái shàng le.  ―  It has been arranged.
      18. 7th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ascension" (𝌌)
      19. (mahjong, Cantonese) chow; to call a discarded tile to produce a chow
      Usage notes
      [edit]
      • When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard
      Synonyms
      [edit]

      Pronunciation 3

      [edit]


      Rime
      Character
      Reading # 1/2
      Initial () (25)
      Final () (105)
      Tone (調) Rising (X)
      Openness (開合) Open
      Division () III
      Fanqie
      Baxter dzyangX
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang
      /d͡ʑɨɐŋX/
      Pan
      Wuyun
      /d͡ʑiɐŋX/
      Shao
      Rongfen
      /d͡ʑiɑŋX/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank
      /d͡ʑɨaŋX/
      Li
      Rong
      /ʑiaŋX/
      Wang
      Li
      /ʑĭaŋX/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren
      /ʑi̯aŋX/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex
      shàng
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex
      soeng6
      BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character
      Reading # 1/3
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)
      shàng
      Middle
      Chinese
      ‹ dzyangX ›
      Old
      Chinese
      /*Cə-daŋʔ/
      English ascend

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character
      Reading # 1/2
      No. 11102
      Phonetic
      component
      Rime
      group
      Rime
      subdivision
      0
      Corresponding
      MC rime
      Old
      Chinese
      /*djaŋʔ/
      Definitions
      [edit]

      1. (~聲) (Chinese phonetics) rising tone in Chinese phonetics
      See also
      [edit]
      The tones (of Chinese) in Mandarin · 聲調声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
      平仄 (píngzè) (píng)
      平聲平声 (píngshēng)
      ()
      仄聲仄声 (zèshēng)
      平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù)
      四聲四声 (sìshēng)
      (píng)
      平聲平声 (píngshēng)
      (shǎng)
      上聲上声 (shǎngshēng)
      ()
      去聲去声 (qùshēng)
      ()
      入聲入声 (rùshēng)
      標調方法标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
      標調法标调法
      四角標調法四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜂◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜆
      [Term?] ◌〪 ◌〫 ◌〬 ◌〭
      傍點傍点 ◌〮 ◌〯
      四聲八調四声八调 陰平阴平 (yīnpíng) 陽平阳平 (yángpíng) 陰上阴上 (yīnshǎng) 陽上阳上 (yángshǎng) 陰去阴去 (yīnqù) 陽去阳去 (yángqù) 陰入阴入 (yīnrù) 陽入阳入 (yángrù)
      (yīn) (yáng)
      標調方法标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
      標調法标调法
      四角標調法四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜁◌ ꜂◌ ꜃◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜅ ◌꜆ ◌꜇
      The tones (of Standard Mandarin) in Mandarin · 聲調声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
      四聲四声 (sìshēng) 陰平阴平 (yīnpíng)
      一聲一声
      陽平阳平 (yángpíng)
      二聲二声 (èrshēng)
      上聲上声 (shǎngshēng)
      三聲三声 (sānshēng)
      去聲去声 (qùshēng)
      四聲四声 (sìshēng)
      輕聲轻声 (qīngshēng)

      Compounds

      [edit]

      Descendants

      [edit]
      Sino-Xenic ():
      • Japanese: (じょう) ()
      • Korean: 상(上) (sang)
      • Vietnamese: thượng (, upper), thướng (, to go up)

      Etymology 2

      [edit]
      simp. and trad.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Definitions

      [edit]

      1. (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note do (1).
      2. (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note do (1).

      Derived terms

      [edit]

      Etymology 3

      [edit]
      For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to sole a shoe”).
      (This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
      Notes:

      Etymology 4

      [edit]
      For pronunciation and definitions of – see .
      (This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
      Notes:

      Further reading

      [edit]

      Japanese

      [edit]

      Kanji

      [edit]

      (First grade kyōiku kanji)

      1. above, high, up
      2. earlier
      3. excellent, top
      4. certain time or place in the past
      5. limit
      6. climb, rise
      7. offer
      8. go to the center
      9. raise, bring up
      10. one of the four tones of Middle Chinese
      11. short for 上野国 (Kōzuke no kuni): Kōzuke Province

      Readings

      [edit]

      Compounds

      [edit]

      Etymology 1

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      うえ
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      ⟨upe2/*upai̯//upe//ufe//uwe//ue/

      From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upay.

      Unbound apophonic form of uwa, ancient upa (see below).

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (うえ) (ueうへ (ufe)?

      1. the above
        (うえ)()いて(ある)こう
        Ue o Muite Arukō”
        Walk Looking Up
      2. the top (position or direction)
        (はこ)(うえ)
        hako no ue
        top of the box
      3. the surface
        (みず)(うえ)()かぶ
        mizu no ue ni ukabu
        to float upon the water
      4. superiority (in skill, age, level, etc.)
        (ひと)(うえ)先輩(せんぱい)
        hitotsu ue no senpai
        senior who is one year older
        (ふた)(まわ)(うえ)上司(じょうし)
        futamawari-ue no jōshi
        boss who is twenty-four years older (than someone else)
      Antonyms
      [edit]
      Derived terms
      Idioms

      Suffix

      [edit]

      (うえ) (-ueうへ (-ufe)?

      1. suffix addressing to a superior
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Proper noun

      [edit]

      (うえ) (Ueうへ (Ufe)?

      1. a surname

      Etymology 2

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      うわ
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      /upa//ufa//uwa/

      From Old Japanese. The combining form of ue, ancient upe (see above).[1]

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (うわ) (uwaうは (ufa)?

      1. upper, over
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Proper noun

      [edit]

      (うわ) (Uwaうは (Ufa)?

      1. a place name

      Etymology 3

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term

      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi
      Kanji in this term

      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      ⟨upe2⟨pe2 → */pe//fe//he/

      Short-form of or shift from ue, ancient upe (see above). Realized as -e in some compounds.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]
      Usage notes
      [edit]

      The senses are the same with ue.

      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Etymology 4

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      かみ
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      ⟨kami1 → */kamʲi//kami/

      From Old Japanese. Already apparent in ancient texts such as the Kojiki (c. 712 CE) and the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).[1][4]

      Distinct from (⟨kami2kami, Shinto deity).

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (かみ) (kami

      1. the start
      2. a high place; the top
      3. one with higher rank
      Antonyms
      [edit]
      Derived terms
      Idioms

      Proper noun

      [edit]

      (かみ) (Kami

      1. a place name
      2. a surname

      Etymology 5

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      かん
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      /kami//kamʉ//kaɴ/

      Contraction of Old Japanese ⟨kami1. Spelled in ancient works as かむ (kamu) prior to the development of the (n) kana.[1][4][5]

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (かん) (kan

      1. (obsolete) Same as かみ (kami) above
      Usage notes
      [edit]

      Generally only found when followed by the genitive / possessive particles (no) or (tsu).

      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Proper noun

      [edit]

      (かん) (Kan

      1. a place name

      Etymology 6

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      じょう
      Grade: 1
      goon

      /d͡ʑɨau//d͡ʑɔː//d͡ʑoː/

      From Middle Chinese (MC dzyangX|dzyangH).

      Pronunciation

      [edit]
      • Pitch accent for suffix unknown.

      Noun

      [edit]

      (じょう) (じやう (zyau)?

      1. the first volume in a two- or three-volume set
        Antonym: (ge)

      Suffix

      [edit]

      (じょう) (-jōじやう (-zyau)?

      1. from the standpoint of...
        ()(ろん)(じょう)はありえないこと
        riron- wa arienai koto
        something that is impossible according to theory
        (ほう)(りつ)(じょう)(そう)(しょう)
        hōritsu- no sōshō
        legal dispute
      2. aboard (a plane, ship, etc.)
      3. above, in, on
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Proper noun

      [edit]

      (じょう) (じやう (Zyau)?

      1. a surname

      References

      [edit]
      1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
      2. 2.0 2.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
      3. 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
      4. 4.0 4.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
      5. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

      Korean

      [edit]

      Hanja

      [edit]

      (eumhun (wit sang))

      1. hanja form? of (up; top; first; best)

      Compounds

      [edit]

      Vietnamese

      [edit]

      Han character

      [edit]

      : Hán Việt readings: thượng ((thì)(lượng)(thiết))[1][2][3][4]
      : Nôm readings: thượng[1][3][4][5]

      1. chữ Hán form of thượng (upper; higher; top).

      Compounds

      [edit]

      References

      [edit]