Jump to content

時

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 时
時 U+6642, 時
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6642
← 晁
[U+6641] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 晃 →
[U+6643]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]
Stroke order
10 strokes

時 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 日土木戈 (AGDI), four-corner 64041, composition ⿰日寺)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters
[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 494, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13890
  • Dae Jaweon: page 859, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1505, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6642

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 時
simp. 时
alternative forms 旹
时
峕
𣅱
㫑

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 時
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
等 *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ
待 *dɯːʔ
寺 *ljɯs
持 *l'ɯ
峙 *dɯʔ
痔 *dɯʔ
跱 *dɯʔ
歭 *dɯʔ
洔 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ
畤 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲 *dɯʔ, *djɯs
庤 *dɯʔ
時 *djɯ
鰣 *djɯ
塒 *djɯ
蒔 *djɯ, *djɯs
榯 *djɯ
恃 *djɯʔ
侍 *djɯs
詩 *hljɯ
邿 *hljɯ
特 *dɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *djɯ): semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs). The phonetic component however represents a footprint pointing up, which could be linked to the concept of the movement of the sun and hence the passing of time.

In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead (as well as a reference to the passing of time). The component 寸 was added later.

Etymology

[edit]
"time", "duration"
From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “to go; to proceed”) + endopassive voicing + endoactive tone B (OC *-ʔ > expected MC 上聲), literally “that which is proceeding” (Schuessler, 2007). The glottal stop was however lost, probably due to confusion with the pronoun sense.
"this"
An unemphatic form of 是 (OC *djeʔ, “this”) (Pulleybank, 1995). Cognate with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 時
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /sz̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /sz̩²⁴/
Xining /sz̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /sz̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Hefei /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /sz̩¹¹/
Pingyao /sz̩¹³/
Hohhot /sz̩³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /sz̩⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ɕi⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩¹²/
Gan Nanchang /sz̩⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sz̩¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʃï¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /si²¹/
Nanning /si²¹/
Hong Kong /si²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /si³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /si⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /si⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ti³¹/
Rime
Character 時
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 市之切
Baxter dzyi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ʑɨ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡ʑɨ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡ʑie/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡ʑɨ/
Li
Rong 		/ʑiə/
Wang
Li 		/ʑĭə/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʑi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		si4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 時
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzyi ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[d]ə/ (~ *[d]əʔ)
English time

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 時
Reading # 1/1
No. 12042
Phonetic
component 		寺
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		時
Old
Chinese 		/*djɯ/

Definitions

[edit]

時

  1. season
    四時／四时  ―  sìshí  ―  four seasons
    農時／农时  ―  nóngshí  ―  farming season
  2. time (a duration)
    那時／那时  ―  nàshí  ―  at that time
    平時／平时  ―  píngshí  ―  normally; usually
    上課時不要玩手機。 [MSC, trad.]
    上课时不要玩手机。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shàngkè shí bùyào wán shǒujī. [Pinyin]
    Do not use your phone when in class.
  3. time (the passing of time)
    沉寂多時／沉寂多时  ―  chénjì duōshí  ―  to have remained silent for a long time
    時不我待／时不我待  ―  shíbùwǒdài  ―  time waits not for us
  4. times; years; era
    古時／古时  ―  gǔshí  ―  ancient times
    時移世易／时移世易  ―  shíyíshìyì  ―  times have changed and so have things
  5. time; fixed time
    按時／按时  ―  ànshí  ―  on time; on schedule
  6. double-hour
    子時／子时  ―  zǐshí  ―  the hours of the rat (11:00pm to 1:00am)
  7. hour; o’clock (mainly in formal writing)
    Synonym: 點 / 点 (diǎn)
    八時一刻／八时一刻  ―  bā shí yīkè  ―  a quarter past eight o'clock
  8. opportunity; chance
  9. current; contemporary
    時事／时事  ―  shíshì  ―  current affairs
    時局／时局  ―  shíjú  ―  current political situation
  10. that time
  11. occasionally; from time to time
    時快時慢／时快时慢  ―  shí kuài shí màn  ―  sometimes fast, sometimes slow; in a variable speed
    時有發生／时有发生  ―  shí yǒu fāshēng  ―  to occur from time to time
  12. (literary) timely
  13. (obsolete) beautiful; good
  14. (obsolete) this
  15. (grammar) tense
    過去時／过去时  ―  guòqùshí  ―  past tense
  16. a surname

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (時):
  • → Japanese: 時(じ) (ji)
  • → Korean: 시(時) (si)
  • → Vietnamese: thời (時), thì (時)

Others:

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
時

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: し (shi)
  • Kun: とき (toki, 時, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: これ (kore)、ちか (chika)、はる (haru)、もち (mochi)、ゆき (yuki)、よし (yoshi)、より (yori)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
時
とき
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
刻 (rare)
時代

⟨to2ki1⟩ → */təkʲi/ → /toki/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təki. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.

However, the sense of “unchanging” does not fit well with the sense of “the passing of time”. Separately, the phonetics of Old Japanese ⟨ki1⟩ → /kʲi/ appear to contraindicate a fusion of /ko/ + /i/, which resulted in ⟨ki2⟩ → /kʷi/ as seen at 木.
  • Possibly derived from or otherwise related to 疾し (toshi, “sharp; happening quickly”), cognate with 研ぐ (togu, “to sharpen”).
However, the historical spelling of toshi was to1(si), as in 那杼佐祁流斗米 (nado1 sake1ru to1 me2, "why do you have knife cutting eyes").[2]
  • Possibly related to 年 (toshi, “year”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

時(とき) • (toki) 

  1. time
    時(とき)の流(なが)れ ― toki no nagare ― the flow of time
    1. an event, case, occasion, moment; a specific period in time
      困(こま)った時(とき)は私(わたし)に相(そう)談(だん)してください。
      Komatta toki wa watashi ni sōdan shite kudasai.
      Please consult with me when troubled (in times of trouble).
    2. a time of something
    3. (literary) the time during which a narrative takes place
      時(とき)は冬(ふゆ)
      toki wa fuyu
      It was winter, […]
    4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      時(とき)の大統領(だいとうりょう)
      toki no daitōryō
      contemporary president; president at the time
  2. a season
  3. a tense
Derived terms
[edit]
Descendants
[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

時(どき) • (-doki) 

  1. time of..., time for...

Proper noun

[edit]

時(とき) • (Toki) 

  1. a female given name

Further reading

[edit]
  • “時／とき”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2025.

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
時
じ
Grade: 2
goon

/ʑi/ → /ʑi//d͡ʑi/

From Middle Chinese 時 (MC dzyi).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • The pitch accent depends on the entire appended word.

Counter

[edit]

時(じ) • (-ji) 

  1. hour, o’clock
    時(と)計(けい)を見(み)ると、ちょうど １２(じゅうに)時(じ) ３４(さんじゅうよん)分(ぷん) ５６(ごじゅうろく)秒(びょう)だった。
    Tokei o miru to, chōdo jūni-ji sanjūyon-pun gojūroku-byō datta.
    When I looked at the clock, it was just 12:34 and 56 seconds.
    • 1987 February 20 [1982 November 15], Motoka Murakami, “嵐(らん)子(こ)再(ふたた)びの巻(まき) [Reunite with Ranko]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], 18th edition, volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 154:
      オラ、夏(なつ)木(き)六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)！６(ろく)月(がつ)３(みっ)日(か)の４(よ)時(じ)に生(う)まれだから六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)‼まんずよろしく‼
      Ora, Natsuki Musashi! Rokugatsu mikka no yoji ni umareda kara Musashi‼ Manzu yoroshiku‼
      Mah name’s Natsuki Musashi! It’s Musashi because ah was born on June 3 at four o'clock!! Nice to meet y’all!!
Derived terms
[edit]
v • d • e
Japanese counter/suffix: 時 (じ, ji, "o'clock")
NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
1一時いちじichiji
2二時にじniji
3三時さんじsanji
4四時よじyoji
5五時ごじgoji
6六時ろくじrokuji
7七時しちじ、ななじshichiji, nanaji
8八時はちじhachiji
9九時くじkuji
10十時じゅうじjūji
11十一時じゅういちじjūichiji
12十二時じゅうにじjūniji
0零時れいじ、ゼロじreiji, zeroji
?何時なんじnanji

Suffix

[edit]

時(じ) • (-ji) 

  1. at the time of...

Affix

[edit]

時(じ) • (ji) 

  1. time, moment
  2. at that time, chance, occasion
  3. hour, hourly
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
時
さだ
Grade: 2
irregular

Either a sound shift from,[3] or cognate with,[7] Old Japanese しだ (sida → shida, “time, circumstance”).

  • ⟨sida⟩ → ⟨sada⟩ → */saⁿda/ → /sada/
or:
  • ⟨sada⟩ → */saⁿda/ → /sada/

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

時(さだ) • (sada) 

  1. (obsolete) Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old

References

[edit]
  1. ^ “時”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 493
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  6. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  7. ^ “しだ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 時 (MC dzyi).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

時 (eumhun 때 시 (ttae si))

  1. Hanja form? of 시 (“time; hour; season”).
  2. Hanja form? of 시 (“era; age; period”).
  3. Hanja form? of 시 (“opportunity; chance”).
  4. Hanja form? of 시 (“correct, right, excellent, great, good, nice, beautiful, fine, well”).

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Old Japanese

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Proto-Japonic *təki.

Noun

[edit]

時 (to2ki1) (kana とき)

  1. a time, moment (in time), occasion
Descendants
[edit]
  • Japanese: 時 (toki)

Etymology 2

[edit]

Sound shift from しだ (sida, “time, circumstance”).[1]

Noun

[edit]

時 (sada) (kana さだ)

  1. Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old
Descendants
[edit]
  • Japanese: 時 (sada)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

時: Hán Việt readings: thì, thời
時: Nôm readings: thì, thời

Noun

[edit]

時 • (thì)

  1. chữ Hán form of thì (“time”).

Adjective

[edit]

時 • (thời)

  1. chữ Hán form of thời (“now; presently; nowadays; at that time; at that moment”).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=時&oldid=83986292"