及

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See also: 乃 and 廴
及 U+53CA, 及
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CA
← 叉
[U+53C9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 友 →
[U+53CB]
及 U+2F836, 及
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F836
← 灰
[U+2F835] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 叟 →
[U+2F837]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 及
Simplified 及
Japanese 及
Korean 及
Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order
及-order.gif

Han character[edit]

及 (radical 29, 又+2 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 又+1 in mainland China and Japanese, 4 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 3 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 弓竹水 (NHE), four-corner 17247, composition ⿻⿹𠄎丿乀(GHJV or U+2F836) or ⿸⿱㇇丿又(TK))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 165, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3118
  • Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 35, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+53CA

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 及

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 及
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
及-oracle.svg 及-bronze.svg 及-seal.svg 及-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (及) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
趿 *sqʰɯːb
鈒 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰrɯb
靸 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰaːb
馺 *sqʰɯːb
砐 *ŋɡɯːb
魥 *ŋɡɯːb, *kʰab
扱 *skʰrɯːb
笈 *skʰrɯːb, *ɡrab, *ɡab, *ɡrɯb
衱 *ɡrab, *kab
极 *ɡrab, *ɡab
昅 *ɡab
雭 *sqʰrɯb
急 *krɯb
級 *krɯb
汲 *krɯb
芨 *krɯb
伋 *krɯb
彶 *krɯb
及 *ɡrɯb
岌 *ŋɡrɯb
吸 *qʰrɯb

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 人 (“person”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand grabbing a person.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly connected to Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to arrive at”) or Jingpho khap (“to carry, to reach”) (Starostin and Peiros, 1996) or less likely to Tibetan འགྲུབ་པ ('grub pa) ~ འགྲུབ ('grub, “to make ready”), སྒྲུབ་པ (sgrub pa) ~ བསྒྲུབ (bsgrub, “to complete, achieve”), གྲུབ་པ (grub pa, “complete”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Possibly departing tone derivations are 暨 (jì, “to attain, to reach”), 迄 (qì, “to reach to”), and 既 (jì, “already”) (Yu, 1948, Baxter, 1992). However, see those entries for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 及
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕi²⁴/ 來不～
/t͡ɕi⁵³/ ～格
Tianjin /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕji²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕi¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕie³¹/
/t͡ɕi³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕi²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕi³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /d͡ʑiɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ²/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi /t͡ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiʔ²/ ～格
Hakka Meixian /kʰip̚⁵/
Taoyuan /kʰip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kʰɐp̚²/
Nanning /kɐp̚²²/
Hong Kong /kɐp̚²/
/kʰɐp̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kip̚⁵/
/kʰip̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ki²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kip̚⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /kip̚³/
Rime
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 緝 (142)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 其立切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚip̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gjip̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɡjəp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭĕp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jí
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gip ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m-k-]rəp/
English reach to

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
No. 5664
Phonetic
component 		及
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		及
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡrɯb/

Definitions[edit]

及

  1. to reach; to extend to
  2. to catch up to; to reach the level of
  3. to be in time for
  4. and; as well as
    (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought):
  5. A surname​.

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和
Mandarin Beijing 和, 跟
Taiwan 和, 跟
Jinan 和, 跟, 給
Xi'an 跟, 連
Wuhan 跟
Chengdu 跟, 給
Yangzhou 跟, 交
Hefei 跟
Malaysia 和, 跟
Singapore 和, 跟
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋
Hong Kong 同, 同埋
Macau 同
Taishan 同埋
Yangjiang 鄧, 同
Kuala Lumpur 同
Singapore 同
Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
Hakka Meixian 同
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Liudui (S. Sixian) 同
Hsinchu (Hailu) 摎
Dongshi (Dabu) 同
Hsinchu (Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 和
Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
Min Bei Jian'ou 邀
Min Dong Fuzhou 共
Min Nan Xiamen 佮, 交
Quanzhou 佮, 交
Zhangzhou 佮
Tainan 佮
Penang (Hokkien) 佮
Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
Philippines (Manila Hokkien) 佮, 交
Chaozhou 佮, 共
Shantou 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮
Wu Shanghai 搭
Suzhou 搭
Wenzhou 搭, 伉
Xiang Changsha 跟
Shuangfeng 跟, 同

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 及

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

及

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. and
  2. reach out
  3. exert
  4. exercise
  5. cause

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

及 (eum 급 (geup))

  1. extend
  2. reach
  3. come up to

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

及: Hán Nôm readings: cập

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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