和

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 倭, 咊, and 龢
和 U+548C, 和
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548C
← 咋
[U+548B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 咍 →
[U+548D]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

和 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹木口 (HDR), four-corner 26900, composition ⿰禾口)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 185, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 602, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+548C

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 咊
龢
訸／𰵝

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 和
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
科 *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪 *kʰoːl
蝌 *kʰoːl
犐 *kʰoːl
禾 *ɡoːl
和 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊 *ɡoːl
盉 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢 *ɡoːl
鉌 *ɡoːl
俰 *ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony.

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see talk”)

“and; with”
Zhao (2018) suggests that hàn and hài may ultimately derive from the contractions of 還有／还有 (háiyǒu) in colloquial speech. On the other hand, Yu (1988) and Jiang (2012) argue hàn and hài derive from 喚／唤 (huàn, “to call”).
“Japanese”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和(やまと) (Yamato).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note: wo4-2 - used in names.
Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • hê/hêr/hôe - vernacular.
Note:
  • hua5 - literary;
  • huê5 - vernacular (used in 和尚).
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 和
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 戸戈切
    Baxter hwa
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦuɑ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦuɑ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣuɑ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦwa/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣuɑ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣuɑ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣuɑ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		huó
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		wo4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 和
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hé
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hwa ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
    English harmonious

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 和
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4932
    Phonetic
    component         		禾
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		和
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡoːl/

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. peaceful; harmonious
      和平  ―  hépíng  ―  peace, peaceful
    2. gentle; kind
    3. warm; temperate
    4. sum; total
      五加四的和是九。  ―  Wǔ jiā sì de hé shì jiǔ.  ―  The sum of 5 and 4 is 9.
    5. to make peace; to become reconciled
    6. (chess) to tie
    7. (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.
    8. Japanese
      和服  ―  héfú  ―  kimono, Japanese traditional clothing
    9. a surname. He

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • → Thai: ฮั้ว (húua)

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. and
      我和你  ―  wǒ hé nǐ  ―  me and you
      我想買些肉、魚、麵包和雞蛋。 [MSC, trad.]
      我想买些肉、鱼、面包和鸡蛋。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ xiǎng mǎi xiē ròu, yú, miànbāo hé jīdàn. [Pinyin]
      I want to buy some meat, fish, bread, and eggs.
    2. with
      他和流浪街頭的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, trad.]
      他和流浪街头的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā hé liúlàng jiētóu de háizǐ jiāo shàng le péngyǒu. [Pinyin]
      He has made friends with the kids on the street.
      他想和其他國家採取一致行動。 [MSC, trad.]
      他想和其他国家采取一致行动。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā xiǎng hé qítā guójiā cǎiqǔ yīzhì xíngdòng. [Pinyin]
      He wants to act in concert with other nations.
      和你的車比起來，我的車很小。 [MSC, trad.]
      和你的车比起来，我的车很小。 [MSC, simp.]
      Hé nǐ de chē bǐqǐ lái, wǒ de chē hěn xiǎo. [Pinyin]
      Compared with yours, my car is small.
      如果你把譯文和原文比較一下，你就會找到不準確的地方。 [MSC, trad.]
      如果你把译文和原文比较一下，你就会找到不准确的地方。 [MSC, simp.]
      Rúguǒ nǐ bǎ yìwén hé yuánwén bǐjiào yīxià, nǐ jiù huì zhǎo dào bù zhǔnquè de dìfang. [Pinyin]
      If you compare the translation with the original, you will find the inaccuracy.
      意思和日語的「ダメ」類似。 [MSC, trad.]
      意思和日语的“ダメ”类似。 [MSC, simp.]
      Yìsī hé rìyǔ de “dame” lèisì. [Pinyin]
      The meaning is similar to the Japanese dame.
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 與, 及
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese
    Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和
    Taiwan 跟, 和
    Yantai (Muping) 和
    Jinan 和, 跟, 給
    Wanrong 和
    Wanrong (Ronghe) 連
    Xi'an 跟, 連
    Yinchuan 連
    Lanzhou 跟, 和
    Xining 帶, 和
    Ürümqi 跟, 連, 和
    Wuhan 跟
    Chengdu 跟, 給, 和
    Guiyang 跟, 同, 和
    Guilin 跟, 和
    Liuzhou 跟, 同, 和
    Xuzhou 給
    Yangzhou 跟, 交
    Nanjing 告, 跟
    Hefei 跟
    Malaysia 和, 跟
    Singapore 和, 跟
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
    Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋
    Hong Kong 同, 同埋
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同
    Macau 同, 同埋
    Taishan 同埋
    Kaiping (Chikan) 同, 同埋
    Dongguan 同, 同埋
    Yangjiang 鄧, 同
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同
    Penang (Guangfu) 同
    Singapore (Guangfu) 同
    Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
    Lichuan 和
    Pingxiang 同, 跟
    Hakka Meixian 同, 摎
    Yudu 澗
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和
    Hong Kong 摎
    Kuching (Hepo) 佮
    Huizhou Jixi 搭
    Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
    Xinzhou 給
    Min Bei Jian'ou 邀
    Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教
    Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
    Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
    Min Dong Fuzhou 共
    Changle 共
    Fuqing 共
    Yongtai 共
    Gutian 共
    Fu'an 共
    Ningde 共
    Shouning 隨
    Zhouning 傮, 共
    Fuding 跟
    Min Nan Xiamen 佮, 交
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
    Quanzhou 佮, 交
    Zhangzhou 佮
    Tainan 佮
    Penang (Hokkien) 佮
    Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
    Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
    Chaozhou 佮, 共
    Shantou 佮
    Jieyang 佮
    Singapore (Teochew) 佮
    Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
    Leizhou 共
    Wenchang 共
    Haikou 共
    Qionghai 共
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 同, 同埋
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
    Wu Shanghai 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
    Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
    Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
    Danyang 同, 跟
    Hangzhou 同
    Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
    Wenzhou 伉
    Jinhua 亨, 跟
    Xiang Changsha 跟
    Loudi 跟
    Shuangfeng 跟, 同

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Rime
    Character 和
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 胡卧切
    Baxter hwaH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦuɑH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦuɑH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣuɑH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦwaH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣuɑH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣuɑH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣuɑH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		huò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		wo6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 和
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hè
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hwaH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ˁoj-s/
    English tune (instruments); respond in singing

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 和
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4937
    Phonetic
    component         		禾
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡoːls/

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. † to make sounds in concert with; to echo
      附和  ―  fùhè  ―  to second, to echo
      唱和  ―  chànghè  ―  antiphon, sung reply
      應和／应和  ―  yìnghè  ―  to echo, to correspond
      酬和  ―  chóuhè  ―  to respond to a poem with a poem

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead
      和麵／和面  ―  huómiàn  ―  to knead dough

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 5[edit]

    Note: gwo3 - variant pronunciation for the classifier.
    Note: classifier.

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form)
      攪和／搅和  ―  jiǎohuo  ―  to stir, to mix
    2. to add water to make something less thick
    3. Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes.
    4. Classifier for the number of times a dose of traditional Chinese medicine is boiled.

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 6[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 和
    alternative forms 糊 Cantonese
    胡

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. (mahjong) to have a winning hand
      和牌  ―  húpái  ―  to win in mahjong
    Usage notes[edit]
    • When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

    Compounds[edit]

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (Cantonese) 食糊
    • (Taiwanese Hokkien) 到 (kàu)

    See also[edit]

    Pronunciation 7[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    和

    1. † warm
      暖和  ―  nuǎnhuo  ―  warm
      溫和／温和  ―  wēnhuo  ―  warm, lukewarm

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    Kanji[edit]

    和

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    和
    わ
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 和 (hwa, “harmonious”).

    The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), as this character 和 was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭 (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和 (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    和(わ) • (wa) 

    1. peace, harmony, tranquillity, serenity.
    2. (arithmetic) sum
      Antonym: (difference) 差 (sa)
    See also[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    和(わ) • (wa) 

    1. Japan, Japanese, Nippo-
      和(わ)露(ろ)辞(じ)典(てん)
      Wa-Ro jiten
      Japanese-Russian dictionary
      和(わ)食(しょく)
      washoku
      Japanese-style food, Japanese cuisine
      和(わ)室(しつ)
      washitsu
      a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors
      和(わ)映(えい)画(が)
      wa-eiga
      Japanese films, Japanese cinema

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    和
    やまと
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    See Etymology 1.

    In modern Japanese, the Yamato reading is more commonly spelled 大和.

    Definitions[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
    【大和やまと】
    [proper noun] a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area
    [proper noun] A city in Kanagawa Prefecture
    [proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture
    [proper noun] the country of Japan
    Alternative spelling
    倭
    (This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    和
    のど
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    Definitions[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
    【閑のど】S
    [adjective] (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
    (This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    和
    のどか
    Grade: 3
    irregular

    Used as ateji in various names.

    Proper noun[edit]

    和(のどか) • (Nodoka) 

    1. a unisex given name

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa).

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    和 (eumhun 화할 화 (hwahal hwa))

    1. Hanja form? of 화 (“harmony; peace”).
    2. Hanja form? of 화 (“a free-reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    和: Hán Việt readings: hòa/hoà[1], hồ[2]
    和: Nôm readings: họa/hoạ[3], huề[3], hùa[4]

    1. chữ Hán form of hoà (“peace, harmony”).
    2. chữ Hán form of hoà; hoạ; hùa (“to mix or dissolve in water; to harmonize; to follow suit”).
    3. chữ Hán form of hoà, huề (“to draw, to tie, to make peace”).

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    2. ^ Trần (1999).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=和&oldid=73909457"