Jump to content

和

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 咊, 龢, and 倭
和 U+548C, 和
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548C
← 咋
[U+548B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 咍 →
[U+548D]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

和 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, Cangjie input 竹木口 (HDR), four-corner 26900, composition ⿰禾口)

Derived characters

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 602, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+548C

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 咊
龢
訸／𰵝

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
科 *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪 *kʰoːl
蝌 *kʰoːl
犐 *kʰoːl
禾 *ɡoːl
和 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊 *ɡoːl
盉 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢 *ɡoːl
鉌 *ɡoːl
俰 *ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony. The original version was 龢, with the radical of the flute 𠎤 (> 龠) in its either archaic or contracted version perhaps to indicate the abstract concept of harmony through harmony in music.

Etymology

[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see talk”)

“and; with”
Zhao (2018) suggests that hàn and hài may ultimately derive from the contractions of 還有／还有 (háiyǒu) in colloquial speech. On the other hand, Yu (1988) and Jiang (2012) argue hàn and hài derive from 喚／唤 (huàn, “to call”).
“Japanese”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和(やまと) (Yamato). The original character was a replacement for earlier 倭(わ) (Wa) in 757 CE with a character that sounded similar in contemporary pronunciations of Chinese, 和, due to the offensive meaning of 倭.

Regular development from Middle Chinese would lead to huó in Beijing Mandarin, which is used for when the character means "to mix (with water to make something stick together)", but the modern standard pronunciation may have been influenced by Nanjing Mandarin, as Nanjing was for a very long time the capital of China, and Nanjing Mandarin does not differentiate between open and closed pronunciations. For other characters irregular readings that may have been influenced by Nanjing Mandarin, see 我, 戈 (gē), 科, 課 / 课 (kè).[1]

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note: wo4-2 - used in names.
Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • hê/hêr/hôe - vernacular.
Note:
  • hua5 - literary;
  • huê5 - vernacular (used in 和尚).
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: hue7
      • Sinological IPA: /huɛ⁵⁵/
Note: hue7 - vernacular (used in 和尚).
Rime
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸戈切
Baxter hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwa/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wo4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
No. 4932
Phonetic
component 		禾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		和
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːl/

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. peaceful; harmonious
    和平  ―  hépíng  ―  peace, peaceful
  2. gentle; kind
  3. warm; temperate
  4. sum; total
    五加四的和是九。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Wǔ jiā sì de hé shì jiǔ. [Pinyin]
    The sum of 5 and 4 is 9.
  5. to make peace; to become reconciled
  6. (sports) to tie
    和波 [Cantonese]  ―  wo4 bo1 [Jyutping]  ―  to tie a football match
  7. (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.
  8. Japanese
    和服  ―  héfú  ―  kimono, Japanese traditional clothing
  9. a surname, He

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (和):
  • → Japanese: 和(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 화(和) (hwa)
  • → Vietnamese: hoà (和)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. and
    我和你  ―  wǒ hé nǐ  ―  me and you
    我想買些肉、魚、麵包和雞蛋。 [MSC, trad.]
    我想买些肉、鱼、面包和鸡蛋。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiǎng mǎi xiē ròu, yú, miànbāo hé jīdàn. [Pinyin]
    I want to buy some meat, fish, bread, and eggs.
  2. with
    他和流浪街頭的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, trad.]
    他和流浪街头的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā hé liúlàng jiētóu de háizǐ jiāo shàng le péngyǒu. [Pinyin]
    He has made friends with the kids on the street.
    他想和其他國家採取一致行動。 [MSC, trad.]
    他想和其他国家采取一致行动。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā xiǎng hé qítā guójiā cǎiqǔ yīzhì xíngdòng. [Pinyin]
    He wants to act in concert with other nations.
    和你的車比起來，我的車很小。 [MSC, trad.]
    和你的车比起来，我的车很小。 [MSC, simp.]
    Hé nǐ de chē bǐqǐ lái, wǒ de chē hěn xiǎo. [Pinyin]
    Compared with yours, my car is small.
    如果你把譯文和原文比較一下，你就會找到不準確的地方。 [MSC, trad.]
    如果你把译文和原文比较一下，你就会找到不准确的地方。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rúguǒ nǐ bǎ yìwén hé yuánwén bǐjiào yīxià, nǐ jiù huì zhǎo dào bù zhǔnquè de dìfang. [Pinyin]
    If you compare the translation with the original, you will find the inaccuracy.
    這個詞的意思和漢語的「謝謝」相同。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个词的意思和汉语的「谢谢」相同。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhège cí de yìsī hé hànyǔ de “xièxiè” xiàngtóng. [Pinyin]
    This word means the same as "thank you" in Chinese.
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和
Taiwan 跟, 和
Malaysia 和, 跟
Singapore 和, 跟
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 和, 跟, 給
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 和
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 和
Wanrong (Ronghe) 連
Xi'an 跟, 連
Xining 帶, 和
Xuzhou 給
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 連
Lanzhou 跟, 和
Ürümqi 跟, 連, 和
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 跟, 給, 和
Wuhan 跟
Guiyang 跟, 同, 和
Guilin 跟, 和
Liuzhou 跟, 同, 和
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 告, 跟
Yangzhou 跟, 交
Hefei 跟
Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋, 共
Hong Kong 同, 同埋
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 同
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同
Macau 同, 同埋
Taishan 同埋
Kaiping (Chikan) 同, 同埋
Dongguan 同, 同埋
Yangjiang 鄧, 同
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同
Penang (Guangfu) 同
Singapore (Guangfu) 同
Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
Lichuan 和
Pingxiang 同, 跟
Hakka Meixian 同, 摎
Yudu 澗
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和
Hong Kong 摎
Kuala Lumpur (Huiyang) 摎
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) 同
Kuching (Hepo) 佮
Huizhou Jixi 搭
Shexian 搭
Huangshan (Tunxi) 和, 合
Xiuning 合
Yixian 和, 同
Qimen 跟
Wuyuan 剛
Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
Xinzhou 給
Northern Min Jian'ou 邀
Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
Eastern Min Fuzhou 共
Fuzhou (Changle) 共
Fuqing 共
Yongtai 共
Gutian 共
Fu'an 共
Ningde 共
Shouning 隨
Zhouning 傮, 共
Fuding 跟
Southern Min Xiamen 佮, 交
Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
Quanzhou 佮, 交
Zhangzhou 佮
Tainan 佮
Hsinchu 交
Penang (Hokkien) 佮
Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
Chaozhou 佮, 共
Shantou 佮
Jieyang 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮
Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
Leizhou 共
Wenchang 共
Haikou 共
Qionghai 共
Puxian Min Putian 共
Xianyou 共
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 同, 同埋
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
Wu Shanghai 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
Shanghai (Jiading) 搭, 脫, 脫仔
Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
Danyang 同, 跟
Hangzhou 同
Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
Wenzhou 伉
Jinhua 亨, 跟
Xiang Changsha 跟
Loudi 跟
Shuangfeng 跟, 同

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Rime
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡卧切
Baxter hwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwaH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wo6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwaH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ˁoj-s/
English tune (instruments); respond in singing

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
No. 4937
Phonetic
component 		禾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːls/

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to make sounds in concert with; to echo
    附和  ―  fùhè  ―  to second, to echo
    唱和  ―  chànghè  ―  antiphon, sung reply
    應和／应和  ―  yìnghè  ―  to echo, to correspond
    酬和  ―  chóuhè  ―  to respond to a poem with a poem

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 4

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead
    和麵／和面  ―  huómiàn  ―  to knead dough

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 5

[edit]
Note: gwo3 - variant pronunciation for the classifier.
Note: classifier.

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form)
    攪和／搅和  ―  jiǎohuo  ―  to stir, to mix
  2. to add water to make something less thick
  3. Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes.
  4. Classifier for the number of times a dose of traditional Chinese medicine is boiled.

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 6

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 糊 Cantonese
胡

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. (mahjong) to have a winning hand
    和牌  ―  húpái  ―  to win in mahjong
Usage notes
[edit]
  • When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

Compounds

[edit]

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (Cantonese) 食糊
  • (Taiwanese Hokkien) 到 (kàu)

See also

[edit]

Pronunciation 7

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

和

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) warm
    暖和  ―  nuǎnhuo  ―  warm
    溫和／温和  ―  wēnhuo  ―  warm, lukewarm

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^
    2008 June, Masayuki Nakamura, “北京音「我wo」の例外性について”, in 古代文字資料館発行『KOTONOHA』第67号‎[1], number 67:

Japanese

[edit]
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

[edit]
和

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
和
わ
Grade: 3
goon
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa, “harmonious”).

The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715 CE), as this character 和(わ) (Wa) was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭(わ) (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和(やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.[2]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

和(わ) • (wa) 

  1. peace, harmony, tranquillity, serenity.
  2. (mathematics) sum
    Antonym: (difference) 差 (sa)
See also
[edit]

Affix

[edit]

和(わ) • (wa) 

  1. Japan, Japanese, Nippo-
    和(わ)露(ろ)辞(じ)典(てん)
    Wa-Ro jiten
    Japanese-Russian dictionary
    和(わ)食(しょく)
    washoku
    Japanese-style food, Japanese cuisine
    和(わ)室(しつ)
    washitsu
    a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors
    和(わ)映(えい)画(が)
    wa-eiga
    Japanese films, Japanese cinema

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
和
やまと
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

See Etymology 1.

In modern Japanese, the Yamato reading is more commonly spelled 大和.

Definitions

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【大和やまと】
[proper noun] Yamato (a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of ancient Japan, generally equivalent to the modern Tenri area)
[proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara Prefecture
[proper noun] (historical, poetic, endearing) the country of Japan
[proper noun] a place:
[proper noun] Yamato (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture)
[proper noun] Yamato (an area of Nakagawa, Nakagawa district, Kamikawa subprefecture, Hokkaido Prefecture)
[proper noun] Yamato (a neighborhood of Utsunomiya, Tochigi Prefecture)
Alternative spellings
倭, 日本
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
和
のど
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【閑のど】S
[adjective] (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
和
やわ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【柔やわ】S
[adjective] weak
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

[edit]
Kanji in this term
和
のどか
Grade: 3
nanori

Used as ateji in various names.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]

和(のどか) • (Nodoka) 

  1. a unisex given name

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC hwa).

Historical readings

Hanja

[edit]
Historical readings
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

和 (eumhun 어울릴 화 (eoullil hwa))

  1. hanja form? of 화 (“harmony; peace”)
  2. hanja form? of 화 (“a free-reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

和: Hán Việt readings: hòa/hoà[1], hồ[2]
和: Nôm readings: họa/hoạ[3], huề[3], hùa[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoà (“peace, harmony”)
  2. chữ Hán form of hoà; hoạ; hùa (“to mix or dissolve in water; to harmonize; to follow suit”)
  3. chữ Hán form of hoà, huề (“to draw, to tie, to make peace”)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (1999).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=和&oldid=93364375"