買

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See also: 买 and 員
買 U+8CB7, 買
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CB7
← 貶
[U+8CB6] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 貸 →
[U+8CB8]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character[edit]

買 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 田中月山金 (WLBUC), four-corner 60806, composition ⿱罒貝)

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1206, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36708
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1669, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3633, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+8CB7

Chinese[edit]

trad. 買
simp. 买
nonstandard simp. 𧹒
alternative forms 𧵽

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 買
Shang Spring and Autumn
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions
Characters in the same phonetic series (買) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
買 *mreːʔ
蕒 *mreːʔ
嘪 *mreːʔ
鷶 *mreːʔ
賣 *mreːs

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 (“net”) + 貝 (“money cowrie”).

Baxter and Sagart (2014) consider it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : abbreviated phonetic 羅 (*rˤaj) + semantic 貝 (“money cowrie”).

Etymology[edit]

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/s-laj ~ *r/s-lej ~ *b-rej (“to buy; to barter”); compare Proto-Karen *breᴬ (“to buy”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *prai¹ (“to buy”), Tibetan རྗེ (rje, “to exchange; to barter”) (Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 1999, 2011). Benedict (1967, 1972) considers this allofam to be a result of borrowing from Austro-Tai *(m)baḷi several times into Sino-Tibetan languages.

Alternatively, Haudricourt and Strecker (1991) consider 買 and 賣 to be borrowed from Hmong-Mien, which may have a family of verbs related to possession: *mɛjX (“to buy”, corresponding to 買), *mɛjH (“to buy”, corresponding to 賣), *ʔ-mɛj (“to grasp”), *n-mɛj (“to have”) (Ratliff, 2010). However, Sagart (1995) argues that the direction of borrowing is more likely to be from Chinese to Hmong-Mien because Hmong-Mien does not seem to have a suffix that would give rise to the tone in the word for “to buy”. In addition to these two ways of relating the Chinese word to Hmong-Mien, Ratliff (2010) proposes common inheritance as a third option and maintains that more evidence is needed to determine which of the three explanations are correct.

The surname only appears among Taiwanese aboriginals and Hui people in Mainland China. The surname is from the Siraya name Takalomay in Taiwan or possibly from the name 買買提／买买提 (Mǎimǎití, “Mehmet”) for Hui people.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • mā̤ - vernacular;
  • māi - literary.
Note:
  • bóe/bé - vernacular;
  • mái - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 買
Mandarin Beijing /mai²¹⁴/
Harbin /mai²¹³/
Tianjin /mai¹³/
Jinan /mɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /mɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /mai⁵³/
Xi'an /mai⁵³/
Xining /mɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan /mɛ⁵³/
Lanzhou /mɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /mai⁵¹/
Wuhan /mai⁴²/
Chengdu /mai⁵³/
Guiyang /mai⁴²/
Kunming /mæ⁵³/
Nanjing /mae²¹²/
Hefei /me̞²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /mai⁵³/
Pingyao /mæ⁵³/
Hohhot /mɛ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /ma²³/
Suzhou /mɑ³¹/
Hangzhou /me̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /ma³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ma³⁵/
Tunxi /ma²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /mai⁴¹/
Xiangtan /mai⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /mai²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /mai⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /mɑi²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /mai²³/
Nanning /mai²⁴/
Hong Kong /mai¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /mai⁵³/
/bue⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /mɛ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /mai²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /boi⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /mai²¹³/ ～办
/vɔi²¹³/
Rime
Character 買
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 佳 (31)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 莫蟹切
Baxter meaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mˠɛX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mᵚæX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/mæiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/maɨjX/
Li
Rong 		/mɛX/
Wang
Li 		/maiX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/maiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mǎi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		maai5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 買
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mǎi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ meaX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mˁrajʔ/
English buy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 買
Reading # 1/1
No. 8727
Phonetic
component 		買
Rime
group 		支
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		買
Old
Chinese 		/*mreːʔ/

Definitions[edit]

買

  1. to buy; to purchase
    我買了輛新車。／我买了辆新车。  ―  Wǒ mǎi le liàng xīn chē.  ―  I bought a new car.
  2. to bribe
  3. to persuade
  4. a surname

Antonyms[edit]

  • (antonym(s) of "to buy"): 賣／卖 (mài, “to sell”)

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *mɛjX (“to buy”)

Further reading[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

買

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to buy

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

買 (eumhun 살 매 (sal mae))

  1. Hanja form? of 매 (“buy”).
  2. "Goguryeo" language: *me, “river, water”

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

買: Hán Nôm readings: mãi, mạy, mảy, mấy, mới, mái, mải, với

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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