車

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See also: 车, 倝, and 重
車 U+8ECA, 車
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8ECA
← 軉
[U+8EC9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 軋 →
[U+8ECB]
⾞ U+2F9E, ⾞
KANGXI RADICAL CART
← ⾝
[U+2F9D] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾟ →
[U+2F9F]
車 U+F902, 車
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F902
← 更
[U+F901] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 賈 →
[U+F903]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
車-order.gif

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 159 車

車 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十田十 (JWJ), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻亘丨 or ⿻二申)

  1. Kangxi radical #159, ⾞.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1239, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38172
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1712, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3511, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8ECA

Chinese[edit]

trad. 車
simp. 车
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 車 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • chhia (Min Nan)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 車
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
車-bronze-shang.svg 車-oracle.svg 車-bronze.svg 車-bronze-spring.svg 車-bronze-warring.svg 車-silk.svg 車-slip.svg 車-zhou.svg 車-seal.svg 車-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (車) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
車 *kʰlja, *kla
硨 *kʰlja
厙 *qʰljaːs
庫 *kʰaːs

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.

Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla).

Etymology[edit]

Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from the West; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990; Bauer, 1994). An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (<to support; to carry; to lift).

Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is 處 (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • ce1 - colloquial (incl. surname);
  • geoi1 - literary.
  • Gan
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note: ki - surname.
    Rime
    Character 車
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 昌 (24)
    Final (韻) 麻 (100)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 尺遮切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/cʰia/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ɕʰĭa/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡ɕʰi̯a/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chē
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ce1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 車
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chē
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsyhæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[t.qʰ](r)A/
    English chariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 車
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 1311
    Phonetic
    component         		車
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		車
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰlja/

    Definitions[edit]

    人力三輪車

    車

    1. (countable) land wheeled vehicle; (specifically) car (Classifier: 輛／辆; 部; 臺／台; 架 c; 頂／顶 mn)
      汽車 / 汽车  ―  qìchē  ―  car
      火車 / 火车  ―  huǒchē  ―  train
      街上一輛車都沒有。 [MSC, trad.]
      街上一辆车都没有。 [MSC, simp.]
      Jiē shàng yī liàng chē dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
      There is not even one car on the street.
      去車行買新車 [Cantonese, trad.]
      去车行买新车 [Cantonese, simp.]
      heoi3 ce1 hong4-2 maai5 san1 ce1 [Jyutping]
      to buy a new car at a car dealership
    2. wheeled instrument
      滑車 / 滑车  ―  huáchē  ―  pulley
      紡車 / 纺车  ―  fǎngchē  ―  spinning wheel
    3. machine; instrument (Classifier: 部 m; 臺／台 m)
      試車 / 试车  ―  shìchē  ―  to test a new machine
    4. to lathe
    5. to lift water using a 水車／水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”)
    6. (dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Min Bei, Min Nan, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle
      你可唔可以車我去地鐵站呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      你可唔可以车我去地铁站呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 ho2 m4 ho2 ji5 ce1 ngo5 heoi3 dei6 tit3 zaam6 aa3? [Jyutping]
      Can you drive me to the MTR station?
    7. to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
      車衫 / 车衫 [Cantonese]  ―  ce1 saam1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sew clothes with a sewing machine
    8. (dialectal) to turn (one's body, etc.)
    9. (Sichuanese) to rotate; to turn
    10. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (Internet slang) pornography; lewd content
    11. Classifier for loads of things carried by a vehicle.
    12. A surname​.
    Usage notes[edit]
    • 車／车 (chē) is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:
      汽車 / 汽车  ―  qìchē  ―  car
      火車 / 火车  ―  huǒchē  ―  train
      自行車 / 自行车  ―  zìxíngchē  ―  bicycle
      嬰兒車 / 婴儿车  ―  yīng'érchē  ―  pram
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 汽車 (“car, motor vehicle”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 汽車
    Mandarin Beijing 汽車
    Taiwan 汽車
    Xianxian (Xiaoying) 汽車
    Jinan 汽車
    Xi'an 汽車
    Wuhan 汽車
    Chengdu 汽車
    Guilin 汽車
    Pingle 汽車
    Luzhai 汽車
    Nanning (Wuming) 汽車
    Binyang (Nanjie) 汽車
    Yizhou 汽車
    Luocheng (Dongmen) 汽車
    Tianlin (Langping) 汽車
    Yangzhou 汽車
    Hefei 汽車
    Malaysia 車
    Singapore 汽車, 車
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 汽車, 馬什乃
    Dagudi (Maliba) 汽車
    Reshuitang (Longling) 汽車
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 汽車
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 汽車
    Cantonese Guangzhou 汽車, 車
    Hong Kong 汽車, 車
    Taishan 汽車
    Yangjiang 汽車
    Guiping (Jintian) 汽車
    Guiping (Jiangkou) 汽車
    Guiping (Madong) 汽車
    Qinzhou 汽車
    Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 汽車
    Beihai 汽車
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 汽車
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 汽車
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 汽車
    Singapore (Guangfu) 車
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 汽車
    Móng Cái 汽車
    Gan Nanchang 汽車
    Hakka Meixian 汽車
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 汽車, 自動車
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 汽車, 自動車
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 汽車, 自動車
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 汽車, 自動車
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 汽車, 自動車
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 汽車, 自動車
    Kuching (Hepo) 車
    Jin Taiyuan 汽車
    Min Bei Jian'ou 汽車
    Min Dong Fuzhou 汽車
    Min Nan Xiamen 汽車, 風車, 大車, 電車 dated
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 風車
    Quanzhou 汽車, 風車, 大車
    Zhangzhou 汽車, 大車, 電車 dated
    Zhao'an 汽車, 風車
    Taipei 自動車
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 自動車
    Kaohsiung 自動車, 動車
    Yilan 自動車
    Changhua (Lukang) 自動車
    Taichung 汽車, 自動車
    Tainan 自動車
    Hsinchu 自動車
    Kinmen 汽車
    Penghu (Magong) 自動車, 汽車
    Penang (Hokkien) 車
    Singapore (Hokkien) 車, 風車
    Manila (Hokkien) 車, 風車
    Guilin (Biyange) 汽車
    Chaozhou 汽車, 羅里
    Shantou 羅里
    Shantou (Chenghai) 羅里
    Jieyang 羅里
    Singapore (Teochew) 車, 風車
    Pontianak (Teochew) 羅里
    Singapore (Hainanese) 車
    Puxian Min Xianyou 汽車
    Min Zhong Yanping (Wangtai) 汽車
    Southern Pinghua Binyang 汽車
    Wu Shanghai 汽車, 大眼睛
    Suzhou 汽車
    Wenzhou 汽車
    Xiang Changsha 汽車
    Shuangfeng 汽車
    • (vehicle):
    edit
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms from 車

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note: gu1 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
    Rime
    Character 車
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 九魚切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨʌ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kiɔ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiɔ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kɨə̆/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiɔ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭo/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯wo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jū
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		geoi1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 車
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jū
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjo ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.q(r)a/
    English chariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 車
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 1315
    Phonetic
    component         		車
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		居
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kla/

    Definitions[edit]

    車

    車

    1. (xiangqi) chariot; rook (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
    2. (chess) rook
    Coordinate terms[edit]
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms from 車

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (車):
    • → Japanese: 車(しゃ) (sha)
    • → Korean: 차 (車, cha); 거 (車, geo)
    • → Vietnamese: xa (車)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: xe (車, “wheeled vehicle”)
    • → Zhuang: ci (“vehicle”)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    車

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. vehicle

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    車
    しゃ
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 車 (MC t͡ɕʰia).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Counter[edit]

    車(しゃ) • (-sha) 

    1. used to count vehicles

    Affix[edit]

    車(しゃ) • (sha) 

    1. vehicle
      韓(かん)国(こく)車(しゃ)
      Kankoku-sha
      South Korean vehicle
    2. train car
      Synonym: 車両
      女(じょ)性(せい)専(せん)用(よう)車(しゃ)
      josei-sen'yō-sha
      car for women only

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    車
    くるま
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE, with the ideographic spelling 車.[1]

    Assuming an initial meaning of wheel, may be a compound of くる (kuru, related to spinning or rotating, as in 繰る (kuru, “to spin (as in thread)”), 枢 (kuru, “hinge”), くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly, round and round”), 転めく (kurumeku, “to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy”)) +‎ ま (ma, a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    車(くるま) • (kuruma)  (counter 台)

    1. a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart
    2. a wheel, a caster
    3. something wheel-shaped
    4. a style of 紋 (mon, “family crest”)
    5. short for various terms:
      1. short for 車海老 (kuruma ebi): a prawn
      2. short for 車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
      3. short for 肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback
      4. short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow
      5. short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle
    6. (obsolete) during the Edo period, in the red-light district in Ōsaka, a prostitute whose services cost four 匁 (monme) and three 分 (bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 4, poem 694), text here
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    • 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 車 (MC t͡ɕʰia).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 챵 (Yale: chyà)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 又音 챠 (Yale: chyà)
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 수뤼 (surwi) 챠 (cha)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    車 (eumhun 수레 차 (sure cha))

    1. Hanja form? of 차 (“car; automobile; vehicle”).
    2. Hanja form? of 차 (“cart; wheeled machinery”).

    Usage notes[edit]

    This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 車 (MC kɨʌ).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 겅 (Yale: kè)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 술위〮 (Yale: swùlGwúy) 거 (Yale: kè)
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 수뤼 (surwi) 거 (geo)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    車 (eumhun 수레 거 (sure geo))

    1. (only in compounds) Hanja form? of 거 (“cart; wheeled machinery”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Kunigami[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    車

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    車 (hiragana く゚るまー, romaji kurumā)

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    車

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    車

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    車: Hán Nôm readings: xa, xe, xế

    • a car
    • (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; the chariot/rook.

    Compounds[edit]

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    車

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    車

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)

    1. car
    2. wheel
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