車
|
|
|
Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Han character[edit]
車 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十田十 (JWJ), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻亘丨 or ⿻二申)
- Kangxi radical #159, ⾞.
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/車
- 俥, 唓, 𡌄, 𡝀, 𡷖, 𢚷, 捙, 𣵐, 陣, 連, 𣒞, 𤉖, 𤥭, 𪨑, 硨, 𦀺, 蛼, 𫌼, 𬦲, 𩳛, 𬵒
- 軋, 𠜥, 𠜒, 𨛩, 斬, 𤭔, 𩒷, 莗, 𭶼, 𫁿, 𫅨, 𠣞, 𣫂, 厙, 庫, 㾝, 𪋀, 閳, 𪢫
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 1239, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38172
- Dae Jaweon: page 1712, character 34
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3511, character 1
- Unihan data for U+8ECA
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 車 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 车 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 車 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||
Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.
Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla).
Etymology[edit]
Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from the West; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990; Bauer, 1994). An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆/轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (<to support; to carry; to lift).
Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is 處 (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Definitions[edit]
車
- (countable) land wheeled vehicle; (specifically) car (Classifier: 輛/辆; 部; 臺/台; 架 c; 頂/顶 mn)
- 有車隣隣,有馬白顛。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yǒu chē línlín, yǒu mǎ bái diān. [Pinyin]
- He has many carriages, giving forth their lin-lin;
He has horses with their white foreheads.
有车邻邻,有马白颠。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 阿Q被抬上了一輛沒有蓬的車,幾個短衣人物也和他同坐在一處。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: Lu Xun, 1922. The True Story of Ah-Q (《阿Q正傳》)
- Āqiū bèi tái shàng le yī liàng méiyǒu péng de chē, jǐ ge duǎnyī rénwù yě hé tā tóng zuò zài yī chù. [Pinyin]
- Ah Q was lifted on to an uncovered cart, and several men in short jackets sat down with him.
阿Q被抬上了一辆没有蓬的车,几个短衣人物也和他同坐在一处。 [MSC, simp.]
- wheeled instrument
- machine; instrument (Classifier: 部 m; 臺/台 m)
- to lathe
- to lift water using a 水車/水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”)
- (dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Min Bei, Min Nan, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle
- to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
- (dialectal) to turn (one's body, etc.)
- (Sichuanese) to rotate; to turn
- (Can we verify(+) this sense?) (Internet slang) pornography; lewd content
- Classifier for loads of things carried by a vehicle.
- A surname.
Usage notes[edit]
- 車/车 (chē) is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:
Synonyms[edit]
- (vehicle):
Compounds[edit]
|
|
|
Pronunciation 2[edit]
Definitions[edit]
車
Coordinate terms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Others:
References[edit]
- “車”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #3408”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)←しや (sya, historical); こ (ko)
- Kan-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)←しや (sya, historical); きょ (kyo)←きよ (kyo, historical)
- Kun: くるま (kuruma, 車, Jōyō)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
車 |
しゃ Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 車 (MC t͡ɕʰia).
Pronunciation[edit]
Counter[edit]
- used to count vehicles
Affix[edit]
- vehicle
- 韓国車
- Kankoku-sha
- South Korean vehicle
- 韓国車
- train car
- Synonym: 車両
- 女性専用車
- josei-sen'yō-sha
- car for women only
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
車 |
くるま Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE, with the ideographic spelling 車.[1]
Assuming an initial meaning of wheel, may be a compound of くる (kuru, related to spinning or rotating, as in 繰る (kuru, “to spin (as in thread)”), 枢 (kuru, “hinge”), くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly, round and round”), 転めく (kurumeku, “to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy”)) + ま (ma, a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart
- a wheel, a caster
- something wheel-shaped
- a style of 紋 (mon, “family crest”)
- short for various terms:
- short for 車海老 (kuruma ebi): a prawn
- short for 車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
- short for 肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback
- short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow
- short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle
- (obsolete) during the Edo period, in the red-light district in Ōsaka, a prostitute whose services cost four 匁 (monme) and three 分 (bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
Derived terms[edit]
- 車椅子 (kurumaisu, “wheelchair”)
References[edit]
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle Chinese 車 (MC t͡ɕʰia).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 챵 (Yale: chyà) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 又音 | 챠 (Yale: chyà) |
Early Modern Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 | 수뤼 (surwi) | 챠 (cha) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʰa̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [차]
Hanja[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle Chinese 車 (MC kɨʌ).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 겅 (Yale: kè) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | 술위〮 (Yale: swùlGwúy) | 거 (Yale: kè) |
Early Modern Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 | 수뤼 (surwi) | 거 (geo) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kʌ̹]
- Phonetic hangul: [거]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Kunigami[edit]
Kanji[edit]
車
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
車 (hiragana く゚るまー, romaji kurumā)
Miyako[edit]
Kanji[edit]
車
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
車: Hán Nôm readings: xa, xe, xế
Compounds[edit]
- 車踏 (xe đạp)
Yaeyama[edit]
Kanji[edit]
車
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
車 (hiragana くるま, romaji kuruma)
Yonaguni[edit]
Kanji[edit]
車
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Kangxi Radicals block
- CJK Compatibility Ideographs block
- Han character radicals
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han pictograms
- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Min Bei lemmas
- Min Dong lemmas
- Min Nan lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Dungan nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Gan nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Min Bei nouns
- Min Dong nouns
- Min Nan nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Dungan verbs
- Cantonese verbs
- Taishanese verbs
- Gan verbs
- Hakka verbs
- Jin verbs
- Min Bei verbs
- Min Dong verbs
- Min Nan verbs
- Teochew verbs
- Wu verbs
- Xiang verbs
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Dungan proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Taishanese proper nouns
- Gan proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Jin proper nouns
- Min Bei proper nouns
- Min Dong proper nouns
- Min Nan proper nouns
- Teochew proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Xiang proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese hanzi
- Chinese Han characters
- Chinese countable nouns
- Chinese nouns classified by 輛/辆
- Chinese nouns classified by 部
- Chinese nouns classified by 臺/台
- Chinese nouns classified by 架
- Chinese nouns classified by 頂/顶
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Mandarin terms with quotations
- Chinese dialectal terms
- Cantonese Chinese
- Wu Chinese
- Min Bei Chinese
- Min Nan Chinese
- Liuzhou Mandarin
- Sichuanese Mandarin
- Chinese internet slang
- Chinese surnames
- zh:Xiangqi
- Chinese nouns classified by 隻/只
- zh:Chess
- Beginning Mandarin
- zh:Vehicles
- zh:Sewing
- Japanese Han characters
- Grade 1 kanji
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くるま
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading しゃ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading しや
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading きょ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading きよ
- Japanese kanji with goon reading しゃ
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading しや
- Japanese kanji with goon reading こ
- Japanese terms spelled with 車 read as しゃ
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese counters
- Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms spelled with 車
- Japanese affixes
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms spelled with 車 read as くるま
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese compound words
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese short forms
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- ja:Machines
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
- Kunigami lemmas
- Kunigami Han characters
- Kunigami terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kunigami nouns
- Miyako lemmas
- Miyako Han characters
- Miyako terms with IPA pronunciation
- Miyako nouns
- Okinawan Han characters
- Okinawan kanji with kun reading くるま
- Okinawan kanji with on reading さ
- Okinawan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Okinawan lemmas
- Okinawan nouns
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Yaeyama lemmas
- Yaeyama Han characters
- Yaeyama terms with IPA pronunciation
- Yaeyama nouns
- Yonaguni lemmas
- Yonaguni Han characters
- Yonaguni terms with IPA pronunciation
- Yonaguni nouns
- CJKV radicals