Jump to content

王

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 𤣩, 𡈼, 壬, 玉, and 主
王 U+738B, 王
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-738B
← 玊
[U+738A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 玌 →
[U+738C]
王 U+2F929, 王
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F929
← 獺
[U+2F928] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 㺬 →
[U+2F92A]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
0 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
0 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

王 (Kangxi radical 96, 玉+-1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一土 (MG), four-corner 10104, composition ⿱一土)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №5

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 727, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20823
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1137, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1099, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+738B

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 王
alternative forms 𠙻
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
皇 *ɡʷaːŋ
惶 *ɡʷaːŋ
遑 *ɡʷaːŋ
堭 *ɡʷaːŋ
煌 *ɡʷaːŋ
餭 *ɡʷaːŋ
騜 *ɡʷaːŋ
艎 *ɡʷaːŋ
隍 *ɡʷaːŋ
湟 *ɡʷaːŋ
徨 *ɡʷaːŋ
篁 *ɡʷaːŋ
蝗 *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs
凰 *ɡʷaːŋ
偟 *ɡʷaːŋ
媓 *ɡʷaːŋ
韹 *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ
葟 *ɡʷaːŋ
皝 *ɡʷaːŋʔ
汪 *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ
尪 *qʷaːŋ
迋 *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs
逛 *kʷaŋʔ
誑 *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs
匡 *kʰʷaŋ
筐 *kʰʷaŋ
框 *kʰʷaŋ
眶 *kʰʷaŋ
誆 *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs
邼 *kʰʷaŋ
恇 *kʰʷaŋ
劻 *kʰʷaŋ
洭 *kʰʷaŋ
軭 *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ
狂 *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs
軖 *ɡʷaŋ
鵟 *ɡʷaŋ
俇 *ɡʷaŋʔ
王 *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs
蚟 *ɢʷaŋ
彺 *ɢʷaŋ
旺 *ɢʷaŋs
諻 *qʰʷraːŋ
喤 *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ
瑝 *ɡʷraːŋ
鍠 *ɡʷraːŋ
揘 *ɡʷaŋ

Pictogram (象形) of a ritual axe made perhaps of jade, symbols of the king's power. A ceremonial axe was kept near the throne, and was used for performing rituals in ancient China.

The traditional interpretation (most likely a folk etymology given the original appearance of the character) is that the character metaphorically indicates the king or emperor according to the ancient Chinese thought: three horizontal strokes represent Heaven, Man and Earth, and the vertical stroke is the king or emperor, the one who connects them together. However, compare 天 (tiān) (a man with a horizontal stroke above his head to indicate the sky).

Unrelated to 玉 (yù, “a string with three pieces of jade”) and 主 (“master”); partly related to 士 (a war axe and, perhaps, sometimes a variant of 王), to 戉 (an axe drawn vertically), to the inner component of 匡 (kuāng, “square‑shaped bamboo basket”), and to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).

Etymology 1

[edit]

Uncertain. There are many proposed etymologies:

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note: ông - incl. surname.
Note: hêng5 - surname.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: huang5 / hiang5
      • Sinological IPA: /huaŋ²²/, /hiaŋ²²/
Note:
  • huang5 - literary;
  • hiang5 - vernacular (incl. surname).
Note: 2yaon - surname.
Note:
  • ng2 - vernacular;
  • ueng2 - literary.
Rime
Character 王
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 陽 (106)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 雨方切
Baxter hjwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦʉɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiuɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭwaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/iwaŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wong4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 王
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjwang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷaŋ/
English king

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 王
Reading # 1/2
No. 12742
Phonetic
component 		王
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		王
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷaŋ/

Definitions

[edit]

王

  1. king; monarch
    國王／国王  ―  guówáng  ―  king (of a nation)
    周成王  ―  Zhōu Chéng Wáng  ―  King Cheng of Zhou
    這位男孩被擁立為王。 [MSC, trad.]
    这位男孩被拥立为王。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè wèi nánhái bèi yōnglì wéi wáng. [Pinyin]
    The boy was proclaimed king.
  2. duke; prince
    王侯  ―  wánghóu  ―  nobles; aristocrats (literally, “princes and marquises”)
    親王／亲王  ―  qīnwáng  ―  prince
    秦王李世民  ―  Qín Wáng Lǐ Shìmín  ―  Li Shimin, the Prince of Qin
  3. best or strongest of its kind
    拳王  ―  quánwáng  ―  boxing champion
    百獸之王是獅子還是老虎？ [MSC, trad.]
    百兽之王是狮子还是老虎？ [MSC, simp.]
    Bǎishòu zhī wáng shì shīzǐ háishì lǎohǔ? [Pinyin]
    Is the lion or the tiger the king of beasts?
  4. chief; head; ringleader
    擒賊先擒王／擒贼先擒王  ―  qínzéixiānqínwáng  ―  to defeat the enemy, first catch their chief
  5. (chess) king
  6. (graph theory) king (a vertex in a directed graph which can reach every other vertex via a path with a length of at most 2)
    任意競賽圖都有一個王。 [MSC, trad.]
    任意竞赛图都有一个王。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rènyì jìngsàitú dōu yǒu yī ge wáng. [Pinyin]
    In every tournament there exists a king.
  7. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) grand; great
  8. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, of feudal monarchs) to see the emperor
  9. a surname, Wang, Wong, Ong, or Heng
    王勃  ―  Wáng Bó  ―  Wang Bo (Tang dynasty poet)
    王延政  ―  Wáng Yánzhèng  ―  Wang Yanzheng (Emperor of Min)
Descendants
[edit]
Sino-Xenic (王):
  • → Japanese: 王(おう) (ō)
  • → Okinawan: 王(をー) (wō)
  • → Korean: 왕(王) (wang)
  • → Vietnamese: vương (王)

Others:

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ) with a denominalizing *-s suffix (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 王
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 陽 (106)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 于放切
Baxter hjwangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦʉɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiuɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭwaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/iwaŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wong6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 王
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjwangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷaŋ-s/
English be king

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 王
Reading # 2/2
No. 12746
Phonetic
component 		王
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		迋
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷaŋs/

Definitions

[edit]

王

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reign; to rule, to be a king
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 旺 (wàng, “flourishing; prosperous”)

Compounds

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子 / 国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
王 (wáng),
國王 / 国王 (guówáng) 		后 (hòu),
皇后 (huánghòu) 		車 / 车 (jū),
城堡 (chéngbǎo) 		象 (xiàng),
主教 (zhǔjiào) 		馬 / 马 (mǎ),
騎士 / 骑士 (qíshì) 		兵 (bīng)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
王

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
王
おう
Grade: 1
on'yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

/wau/ → /wɔː/ → */woː/ → /oː/

From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

王(おう) • (ō) ←わう (wau)?

  1. a king, especially one who is not East Asian or was East Asian in pre-imperial times; in China and Vietnam, generally a king before Qin Shi Huangdi who invented the title 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”); in Korea, one of the many kings before the Korean Empire which was modeled after Japan's; in Japan, one of the rulers before Emperor Jinmu
    越(えつ)王(おう)勾(こう)践(せん) ― Etsuō Kōsen ― King Goujian of Yue
  2. an East Asian queen regnant
    親(しん)魏倭(ぎわ)王(おう) ― Shingi Waō ― the pro-Wei Queen of Wa
    徴(ちょう)(女(じょ))王(おう) ― Chō (Jo)ō ― the Trưng Queen
    善(ぜん)徳(とく)(女(じょ))王(おう) ― Zentoku (Jo)ō ― Queen Seondeok
  3. a nobility title for a Chinese or Vietnamese prince, bestowed on one of the 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”)'s adult sons, brothers, or nephews, especially as a coming-of-age title, generally comes with an estate ("principality"); compare 皇子 (ōji, “imperial princes”, especially pre-adult ones) and 公 (kō, “dukes”, an alternative used by certain dynasties)
    武(ぶ)成(せい)王(おう) ― Busei ō ― Prince Wucheng
    興(こう)道(どう)王(おう) ― Kōdō Ō ― Prince Hưng Đạo
  4. a Japanese prince's son (such princes include 親王 (shinnō) or 王 (ō) themselves)
Usage notes
[edit]
  • An East Asian queen regnant (except in Korea) has the same title as a king, not specifically a “queen (regnant)” like in European languages. Similarly, an empress regnant has the same title as an emperor.
See also
[edit]

Affix

[edit]

王(おう) • (ō) ←わう (wau)?

  1. king
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
王
こきし
Grade: 1
irregular
Kanji in this term
王
こにきし
Grade: 1
irregular
Alternative spelling
国主

Ultimately from Baekje 鞬吉支 (*k(j)ənkilci).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

王(コニキシ) or 王(コキシ) • (konikishi or kokishi) 

  1. (archaic) an ancient Korean king
    百済(くだらの)王(こにきし) ― Kudara no Konikishi ― King of Baekje

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
王
おおきみ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Kanji in this term
王
おおきみ > おおぎみ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 王 – see the following entry.
【大君おおきみ】
[noun] (honorific) the emperor, His Majesty
[noun] (honorific) one of the reigning Emperor's descendants, especially his grandchildren and below (諸王 (shoō)); compare 皇子 (miko, used specifically for 親王 (shinnō)) and 皇女 (himemiko, used specifically for 内親王 (naishinnō))
[noun] (honorific) a member of the petty nobility
[noun] (honorific) someone of high status
[noun] (honorific) one's lord or master
Alternative spellings
大王, おおぎみ
(This term, 王, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅪᇰ (Yale: ngwàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] 님〯굼〮 (Yale: nǐmkwúm) 와ᇰ (Yale: wàng)
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 긔ᄌᆞ (Yale: kuyco) 왕 (Yale: wang)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

王 (eumhun 임금 왕 (imgeum wang))

  1. hanja form? of 왕 (“king; monarch”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Okinawan

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
王

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
Kanji in this term
王
をー
Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

王(をー) (wō) 

  1. a king
  2. an East Asian queen regnant
  3. an East Asian sovereign prince

Usage notes

[edit]
  • An East Asian queen regnant (except in Korea) has the same title as a king, not specifically a “queen (regnant)” like in European languages. Similarly, an empress regnant has the same title as an emperor.

See also

[edit]

Affix

[edit]

王(をー) (wō) 

  1. king

Derived terms

[edit]

Old Japanese

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang|hjwangH). First cited in a portion of the Shoku Nihongi dated to 706.[1]

Noun

[edit]

王 (wau) (kana わう)

  1. a monarch: a king, an emperor
  2. [from 706] (more narrowly) an unofficial prince: a son or grandson of the Japanese emperor who has not been officially proclaimed as in line for the throne
    Coordinate term: 女王 (nyowau, “unofficial princess”)

Etymology 2

[edit]

From Baekje 鞬吉支 (*k(j)ə-n kici). First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720, with kana glosses indicating a pronunciation of either *⟨ko2niki1si⟩ or *⟨ko2ki1si⟩.[1][2]

Noun

[edit]

王 (*ko2niki1si, *ko2ki1si) (kana こにきし or こきし)

  1. [from 720] (historical) an ancient Korean king
Descendants
[edit]
  • Japanese: 王 (konikishi, kokishi), in modern Japanese dictionaries

Proper noun

[edit]

王 (*ko2niki1si) (kana こにきし)

  1. [from 720] (historical) in ancient Japan, a clan name bestowed on members of the Baekje royal family who immigrated to Japan

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “王”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ “王”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

王: Hán Việt readings: vương (雨(vũ)方(phương)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], vượng[5]
王: Nôm readings: vương[1][2][3][4][5][6], vướng[1][7][5]

  1. chữ Hán form of vương (“king”)
  2. chữ Hán form of Vương (“a surname; a male given name”)
    王翠翹 ― Vương Thuý Kiều
  3. chữ Nôm form of vướng (“to be entangled in; to be involved in”)
  4. chữ Hán form of vượng (“to reign”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=王&oldid=88143051"