王
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
王 (Kangxi radical 96, 玉+-1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一土 (MG), four-corner 10104, composition ⿱一土)
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №5
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/玉
- 仼, 㕵, 𡉠, 彺, 忹, 抂, 汪, 狂, 旺, 枉, 𤆦, 𥘛, 𮀍, 𮂴, 𥿁, 蚟, 𧥶, 𧴽, 軖, 𬫃, 𩵭, 迋, 尪, 尫, 㒬, 尩, 𪼷, 䶭, 𮨧, 頊(顼), 鳿
- 兲, 丟, 弄, 𣅨, 𪳈, 主, 全, 𦍌, 呈, 𡭤, 㞷, 𦬬, 𭥕, 𭩜, 皇, 𦊄, 䍿, 𦤃, 望, 𩂊, 聖, 朢, 𭼆, 匡, 囯, 閏(闰), 𪡅, 噩, 𧘦, 㝙, 寚, 㴏, 鬥
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 727, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20823
- Dae Jaweon: page 1137, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1099, character 10
- Unihan data for U+738B
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
王 | |
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alternative forms | 𠙻 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Old Chinese | |
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皇 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
惶 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
遑 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
堭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
煌 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
餭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
騜 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
艎 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
隍 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
湟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
徨 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
篁 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
蝗 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs |
凰 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
偟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
媓 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
韹 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
葟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
皝 | *ɡʷaːŋʔ |
汪 | *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ |
尪 | *qʷaːŋ |
迋 | *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
逛 | *kʷaŋʔ |
誑 | *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs |
匡 | *kʰʷaŋ |
筐 | *kʰʷaŋ |
框 | *kʰʷaŋ |
眶 | *kʰʷaŋ |
誆 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
邼 | *kʰʷaŋ |
恇 | *kʰʷaŋ |
劻 | *kʰʷaŋ |
洭 | *kʰʷaŋ |
軭 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ |
狂 | *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
軖 | *ɡʷaŋ |
鵟 | *ɡʷaŋ |
俇 | *ɡʷaŋʔ |
王 | *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
蚟 | *ɢʷaŋ |
彺 | *ɢʷaŋ |
旺 | *ɢʷaŋs |
諻 | *qʰʷraːŋ |
喤 | *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
瑝 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
鍠 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
揘 | *ɡʷaŋ |
The traditional interpretation is that the three horizontal strokes represent Heaven, Man and Earth. The vertical stroke is the king, the one who connects them together. Older representation of the character shows a man like 大 or 天 above a horizontal stroke.
The modern interpretation is that the character is a pictogram (象形) of either an axe or a crown, one of two symbols of the king's power. A ceremonial axe was kept near the throne, and was used for performing rituals in ancient China.
Compare the unrelated 玉 (“jade”) and 主 (“master”).
Etymology 1[edit]
Uncertain. There are many proposed etymologies:
- Sagart and Baxter (2009) compare it to Tibetan གོང་མ (gong ma, “superior one”).
- Schuessler (2007) compares it to Tibetan དབང (dbang, “strength, power”) and Burmese အန် (an, “strength, power”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-baŋ (“strength, power”). However, reconstructing the Old Chinese as *waŋ, he notes the mismatch between Old Chinese *w- vs. Tibetan *b- (unless *dw- can become db-; for possible *b- ~ * w- variation, see 花). He also compares it to Proto-Northern Naga *waŋ (“chief”).
- Schuessler (2007) alternatively proposes a connection to Old Khmer vāṅ, vaṅ (modern Khmer វាំង (vĕəng), “royal palace”), which he considers to be cognate with Khmer ហ្លួង (luəng, “king”). This is perhaps supported by a bronze inscription where 王 refers to a place, not the Zhou king (Shaughnessy, 1991). The semantic shift from "palace" to "king" parallels Egyptian pr ꜥꜣ (“pharaoh”, literally “palace”), from pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”). The connection to the Old Khmer word would thus relate it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *waŋ ~ *waaŋ (“enclosure; to go round”), which is part of a larger Austroasiatic word family, including 營 (OC *ɢʷeŋ) and 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn). Bodman (1980) connects 王 with 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “sovereign”), which Schuessler (2007) connects to this word family.
- Speculations exist about its connection to 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “lame, crippled”) and 狂 (OC *ɡʷaŋ, “mad”), based on theories about the connection between ancient Chinese kingship and shamanism (Keightley, 1995).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
王
- king; monarch
- duke; prince
- best or strongest of its kind
- chief; head; ringleader
- † grand; great
- † (of feudal monarchs) to see the emperor
- a surname: Wang; Wong; Ong; Heng
- 王勃 ― Wáng Bó ― Wang Bo (Tang dynasty poet)
- 王延政 ― Wáng Yánzhèng ― Wang Yanzheng (Emperor of Min)
Descendants[edit]
Others:
- → Classical Mongolian: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang)
- → English: Wang (via Mandarin), Wong (via Cantonese), Ong (via Hokkien), Heng (via Teochew)
- → Manchu: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang)
- → Tagalog: Ong (via Hokkien), Wong (via Cantonese), Wang (via Mandarin)
- → Thai: อ๋อง (ɔ̌ng) (via Hokkien)
- → Zhuang: vuengz
Compounds[edit]
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Etymology 2[edit]
王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ) with a denominalizing *-s suffix (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
王
- † to reign; to rule, to be a king
- † Alternative form of 旺 (wàng, “flourishing; prosperous”).
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- “王”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #1229”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)←わう (wau, historical)
- Kan-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)←わう (wau, historical)
- Kun: おおきみ (ōkimi, 王)←おほきみ (ofokimi, historical); きみ (kimi, 王)
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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王 |
おう Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
/wau/ → /wɔː/ → */woː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC ɦʉɐŋ).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- a king, especially one who is not East Asian or was East Asian in pre-imperial times
- 越王勾践 ― Etsuō Kōsen ― King Goujian of Yue
- an East Asian queen regnant
- 親魏倭王 ― Shingi Waō ― the pro-Wei Queen of Wa
- 徴王 ― Chō Ō ― the Trưng Queen
- 善徳 (女)王 ― Zentoku (Jo)ō ― Queen Seondeok
- an East Asian prince under an emperor
- 興道王 ― Kōdō Ō ― Prince Hưng Đạo
- a Japanese prince's son (such princes include 親王 (shinnō) or 王 (ō) themselves)
Usage notes[edit]
- An East Asian queen regnant (except in Korea) has the same title as a king, not specifically a “queen (regnant)” like in European languages. Similarly, an empress regnant has the same title as an emperor.
See also[edit]
- 女王 (joō, female equivalent)
- 親王 (shinnō, brother or son)
- 大王 (daiō)
- 皇帝 (kōtei, “emperor”)
- 帝 (mikado), 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor of Japan”)
- 王家 (ōka)
- 大公 (taikō, “grand duke; European ruling prince”)
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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王 |
こきし Grade: 1 |
Irregular |
Kanji in this term |
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王 |
こにきし Grade: 1 |
Irregular |
Alternative spelling |
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国主 |
From Old Japanese, apparently from Baekje 鞬吉支 (*k(j)ə-n kici).
Noun[edit]
王 or 王 • (konikishi or kokishi)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC ɦʉɐŋ).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅪᇰ (Yale: ngwàng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 님〯굼〮 (Yale: nǐmkwúm) | 와ᇰ (Yale: wàng) |
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 긔ᄌᆞ (Yale: kuyco) | 왕 (Yale: wang) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [wa̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [왕]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC ɦʉɐŋ).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- a king
- a East Asian queen regnant
- a East Asian sovereign prince
Usage notes[edit]
- An East Asian queen regnant (except in Korea) has the same title as a king, not specifically a “queen (regnant)” like in European languages. Similarly, an empress regnant has the same title as an emperor.
See also[edit]
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- “ヲー” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary.
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Baekje 鞬吉支 (*k(j)ə-n kici).
Noun[edit]
王 (*ko2niki1si) (kana こにきし)
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 王 (konikishi, kokishi), in modern Japanese dictionaries
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
王: Hán Việt readings: vương (
王: Nôm readings: vương[1][2][3][4][5][6], vướng[1][7][5]
- chữ Hán form of vương (“king”).
- chữ Hán form of Vương (“surname; male given name”).
- Nôm form of vướng (“to be entangled in; to be involved in”).
- chữ Hán form of vượng (“to reign”).
Compounds[edit]
- 王家 (vương gia)
- 王后 (vương hậu)
- 王國 (vương quốc)
- 王朝 (vương triều)
- 王子 (vương tử)
- 海王星 (Hải Vương tinh)
- 女王 (nữ vương)
- 封王 (phong vương)
- 國王 (quốc vương)
References[edit]
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement block
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Shuowen radicals
- Han pictograms
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
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- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Middle Chinese lemmas
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- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading おほきみ
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading おう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading わう
- Japanese kanji with goon reading おう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading わう
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