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Puxian Min, also known as Puxian (莆仙語／莆仙语, 莆仙話／莆仙话), Hinghua (興化話／兴化话), is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Putian City.

Historically, Puxian Min was written using Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (平話字／平话字) system (Hinghwa Romanized), which recorded the accent of urban Putian in the late 19th century. This system differs significantly from the phonology of various modern Puxian accents. Consequently, online communities, led by the Puxian Dialect Society (莆仙鄉音社 / 莆仙乡音社), developed Pouseng Ping'ing (莆仙話拼音 / 莆仙话拼音 (literally “Puxian Min phonetic notation”)) to document modern phonologies. Wiktionary uses Pouseng Ping'ing as the main romanization system, while Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ is automatically output by the module.

This article aims to introduce the phonology of Puxian Min across seven dialect points—Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri, Donghai, Xianyou, Youyang, and Fengting—and the usage of these two romanization systems. Unless otherwise specified, transcriptions not enclosed in slashes are Pouseng Ping'ing, while the others are International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Initial

[edit]

Most Puxian Min dialects have 15 initial consonants (including the zero initial), conforming to the common "fifteen sounds" system of Min languages.

The initial consonants vary little among Puxian Min dialects. The main differences include:

  • In most dialects, s is pronounced as a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, except in Youyang, Zhongshan, Shicang in Xianyou, Zhuangbian, Xinxian, Dayang in northern Putian, and Fengji Village in Xincuo, Fuqing, it is pronounced as a voiceless dental fricative /θ/.
  • The Xianyou dialect has more characters pronounced with the lateral initial than Putian. Characters from the ancient 日 and 孃 initials are pronounced as /t/ in Putian, but in Xianyou they are generally pronounced /l/.
  • A very small number of Puxian Min dialects that are geographically close to Southern Min areas still preserve voiced initials such as bb /b/, gg /ɡ/, and zz /dz/. For a more complete chart, please refer to this.

They can be arranged according to their Middle Chinese origins as follows.

Examples Putian Jiangkou Nanri Donghai Xianyou Youyang Fengting BUC MC Initial Notes
波拜八半本變 b
/p/ 		b
/p/ 		b
/p/ 		b
/p/ 		b
/p/ 		b
/p/ 		b
/p/ 		b
/*p/ 		幫
坡玻怖拼命 滂
白婆盤縛婢陪 並
梅廟謀滅磨(白)馬(白) 明
飛(白)斧(白)分(白)放(白)糞(白)風(白) 非 [Init-ver 1]
翻(白)芳(白)豐(白)紡(白)麩(白)覆(白) 敷 [Init-ver 2]
飯(白)婦(白)肥(白)吠(白)縫(白)衣(白) 奉 [Init-ver 3]
味微舞母物務 微
維唯惟 以
破炮鋪劈潘攀 p
/pʰ/ 		p
/pʰ/ 		p
/pʰ/ 		p
/pʰ/ 		p
/pʰ/ 		p
/pʰ/ 		p
/pʰ/ 		p
/*pʰ/ 		滂
皮被盆飄萍彭 並
扶(白)浮(白)帆(白)縫(白) 奉 [Init-ver 4]
棉罵猛磨(文)馬(文)麻(文) m
/m/ 		m
/m/ 		m
/m/ 		m
/m/ 		m
/m/ 		m
/m/ 		m
/m/ 		m
/*m/ 		明
文萬望晚挽亡 微
多帶對單店答 d
/t/ 		d
/t/ 		d
/t/ 		d
/t/ 		d
/t/ 		d
/t/ 		d
/t/ 		d
/*t/ 		端
導隊銅堂鄧毒 定
竹豬張追智爹 知
徹逞偵 徹
除腸鄭綻沉宙 澄
鬧(白)女內膩尿納 l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		孃
日(白)二(白)入(白)蹂 日 [Init-ver 5]
太塔討天貪通 t
/tʰ/ 		t
/tʰ/ 		t
/tʰ/ 		t
/tʰ/ 		t
/tʰ/ 		t
/tʰ/ 		t
/tʰ/ 		t
/*tʰ/ 		透
桃頭讀啼頭糖 定
珍展誅 知
抽趁恥超丑椿 徹
槌錘䖳蟲儲綢 澄
泥念努乃聶南 n
/n/ 		n
/n/ 		n
/n/ 		n
/n/ 		n
/n/ 		n
/n/ 		n
/n/ 		n
/*n/ 		泥
嶺(白)兩(白)籃(白)領(白)涼(白)蓮(白) 來 [Init-ver 6]
燃(白)染(白)若(白)忍(白)瓤(白)肉(白) 日 [Init-ver 7]
老流聾六倫列 l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/l/ 		l
/*l/ 		來
嶺(文)兩(文)籃(文)領(文)涼(文)蓮(文) 來 [Init-lit 1]
指(白)肢(白)支(白)枝(白) g
/k/ 		g
/k/ 		g
/k/ 		g
/k/ 		g
/k/ 		g
/k/ 		g
/k/ 		g
/*k/ 		章 [Init-ver 8]
九掛家減甲肝 見
奎杞枯券廓躊 溪
奇舊近共局權 群
牛鵝月偶堯業 疑
五(文)伍(文) 疑 [Init-lit 2]
蟻(文)額(文)魚(文)漁(文) 疑 [Init-lit 3]
下(白)懸(白)汗(白)厚(白)糊(白)寒(白) 匣 [Init-ver 9]
箍擊礦昆稽襟 k
/kʰ/ 		k
/kʰ/ 		k
/kʰ/ 		k
/kʰ/ 		k
/kʰ/ 		k
/kʰ/ 		k
/kʰ/ 		k
/*kʰ/ 		見
起課去看曲康 溪
騎圈鉗瓊菌芹 群
吸(白)蔻(白)呼(白) 曉 [Init-ver 10]
虹苛潰環 匣
方粉法非廢府 h
/h/ 		h
/h/ 		h
/h/ 		h
/h/ 		h
/h/ 		h
/h/ 		h
/h/ 		h
/*h/ 		非
飛(文)斧(文)分(文)放(文)糞(文)風(文) 非 [Init-lit 4]
敷俘妃販芬鋒 敷
翻(文)芳(文)豐(文)紡(文)麩(文)覆(文) 敷 [Init-lit 5]
符煩凡奉服份 奉
飯(文)婦(文)肥(文)吠(文)縫(文) 奉 [Init-lit 6]
扶(文)浮(文)帆(文)縫(文) 奉 [Init-lit 7]
墟恢復詼 溪
蟻(白)額(白)魚(白)漁(白) 疑 [Init-ver 11]
揮虛呼歡休烘 曉
吸(文)蔻(文)呼(文) 曉 [Init-lit 8]
枵(文)轟(文) 曉 [Init-lit 9]
橫嫌核戶幸項 匣
下(文)懸(文)汗(文)厚(文)糊(文)寒(文) 匣 [Init-lit 10]
紅(文)旱(文)學(文)黃(文)行(文)閑(文) 匣 [Init-lit 11]
悠融 以
雄熊鴞 云
雨(白)園(白)遠(白)緯(白) 云 [Init-ver 12]
元原眼雅礙驗 ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/*ŋ/ 		疑
五(白)伍(白) 疑 [Init-ver 13]
株沾站駐註貞 z
/t͡s/ 		z
/t͡s/ 		z
/t͡s/ 		z
/t͡s/ 		z
/t͡s/ 		z
/t͡s/ 		z
/t͡s/ 		c
/*t͡s/ 		知
濁澤柱住 澄
左租再增尖將 精
竣痊荃清 清
就坐字錢盡淨 從
主止照戰章質 章
指(文)肢(文)支(文)枝(文) 章 [Init-lit 12]
水(白)守(白)叔(白)少(白)書(白) 書 [Init-ver 14]
斬札莊抓爭臻 莊
崇助閘驟乍 崇
饒熱如絨仍辱 日
燃(文)染(文)若(文)忍(文)瓤(文)肉(文) 日 [Init-lit 13]
日(文)二(文)入(文)蹂(文)躪(文) 日 [Init-lit 14]
榆喻裕愈銳鉛 以
菜取寸親千倉 c
/t͡sʰ/ 		c
/t͡sʰ/ 		c
/t͡sʰ/ 		c
/t͡sʰ/ 		c
/t͡sʰ/ 		c
/t͡sʰ/ 		c
/t͡sʰ/ 		ch
/*t͡sʰ/ 		清
牆造悴賊才 從
星碎(白)生(白)醒(白)鮮(白)笑(白) 心 [Init-ver 15]
象(白)像(白)席(白)飼(白) 邪 [Init-ver 16]
吹春出昌廠處 昌
市樹 常
深翅蜇鼠手舒 書
差炒瘡冊插楚 初
柴床愁 崇
楊(白)揚(白) 以 [Init-ver 17]
晴前泉 s
/ɬ/ 		s
/ɬ/ 		s
/ɬ/ 		s
/ɬ/ 		s
/ɬ/ 		s
/θ/ 		s
/ɬ/ 		s
/*ɬ/ 		從
三蘇嫂省想薛 心
星(文)碎(文)生(文)醒(文)鮮(文)笑(文) 心 [Init-lit 15]
謝徐俗辭巡祥 邪
象(文)像(文)席(文)飼(文) 邪 [Init-lit 16]
成熟十睡甚常 常
收扇燒聲商適 書
水(文)守(文)叔(文)少(文)書(文) 書 [Init-lit 17]
蛇神示順食剩 船
事士仕鐲 崇
沙杉梳山森栓 生
癢(白)翼(白)蠅(白)液(白)鹽(白)醃(白) 以 [Init-ver 18]
愛蛙鴨委要翁 (zero) (zero) (zero) (zero) (zero) (zero) (zero) (zero) 影
姨容羊余由閱 以
癢(文)翼(文)蠅(文)液(文)鹽(文)醃(文) 以 [Init-lit 18]
楊(文)揚(文) 以 [Init-lit 19]
枵(白)轟(白) 曉 [Init-ver 19]
話畫鞋 匣
紅(白)旱(白)學(白)黃(白)行(白)閑(白) 匣 [Init-ver 20]
偉有王越云炎 云
雨(文)園(文)遠(文)緯(文) 云 [Init-lit 20]
  1. ^ These characters with MC 非 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  2. ^ These characters with MC 敷 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  3. ^ These characters with MC 奉 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  4. ^ These characters with MC 敷 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  5. ^ These characters with MC 日 initial have z- /t͡s/ in literary readings.
  6. ^ These characters with MC 來 initial have l- /l/ in literary readings.
  7. ^ These characters with MC 日 initial have z- /t͡s/ in literary readings.
  8. ^ These characters with MC 章 initial have z- /t͡s/ in literary readings.
  9. ^ These characters with MC 章 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  10. ^ These characters with MC 曉 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  11. ^ These characters with MC 疑 initial have g- /k/ in literary readings.
  12. ^ These characters with MC 云 initial have zero initial in literary readings.
  13. ^ These characters with MC 疑 initial have g- /k/ in literary readings.
  14. ^ These characters with MC 書 initial have s- /ɬ/ or /θ/ in literary readings.
  15. ^ These characters with MC 心 initial have s- (/ɬ/ or /θ/) in literary readings.
  16. ^ These characters with MC 邪 initial have s- (/ɬ/ or /θ/) in literary readings.
  17. ^ These characters with MC 以 initial have zero initial in literary readings.
  18. ^ These characters with MC 以 initial have zero initial in literary readings.
  19. ^ These characters with MC 曉 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  20. ^ These characters with MC 匣 initial have h- /h/ in literary readings.
  1. ^ These characters with MC 來 initial have n- /n/ in vernacular readings.
  2. ^ These characters with MC 疑 initial have ng- /ŋ/ in vernacular readings.
  3. ^ These characters with MC 疑 initial have h- /h/ in vernacular readings.
  4. ^ These characters with MC 非 initial have b- /p/ in vernacular readings.
  5. ^ These characters with MC 敷 initial have p- /pʰ/ in vernacular readings.
  6. ^ These characters with MC 奉 initial have b- /p/ in vernacular readings.
  7. ^ These characters with MC 奉 initial have p- /pʰ/ in vernacular readings.
  8. ^ These characters with MC 曉 initial have k- /kʰ/ in vernacular readings.
  9. ^ These characters with MC 曉 initial have zero initial in vernacular readings.
  10. ^ These characters with MC 匣 initial have g- /k/ in vernacular readings.
  11. ^ These characters with MC 匣 initial have zero initial in vernacular readings.
  12. ^ These characters with MC 章 initial have g- /k/ in vernacular readings.
  13. ^ These characters with MC 日 initial have n- /n/ in vernacular readings.
  14. ^ These characters with MC 日 initial have d- /t/ or l- /l/ in vernacular readings.
  15. ^ These characters with MC 心 initial have c- /t͡sʰ/ in vernacular readings.
  16. ^ These characters with MC 邪 initial have c- /t͡sʰ/ in vernacular readings.
  17. ^ These characters with MC 書 initial have z- /t͡s/ in vernacular readings.
  18. ^ These characters with MC 以 initial have s- (/ɬ/ or /θ/) in vernacular readings.
  19. ^ These characters with MC 以 initial have c- /t͡sʰ/ in vernacular readings.
  20. ^ These characters with MC 云 initial have h- /h/ in vernacular readings.

Final

[edit]

The number of finals varies significantly among different Puxian Min dialects, ranging approximately from 35 to 60.

Puxian Min finals can be generally classified into four types:

  • Finals ending with nasal sounds (陽聲韻): Most Puxian Min dialects have only one nasal ending, which is /ŋ/; a few dialects geographically close to Southern Min areas have two nasal endings: n /n/ and ng /ŋ/.
  • Finals ending with a glottal stop (入聲韻): Puxian Min has only one stop ending, which is h /ʔ/.
  • Finals ending with oral vowels (陰聲韻).
  • Nasalized finals: Nasalized finals (鼻化韻) have disappeared in many dialect points in Putian area (merged into yin-sheng rhymes), but are still preserved in southern Huating Town near Xianyou, mountainous areas in northern Putian, and some coastal townships; nasalized finals are preserved throughout the Xianyou region.

The following classification is organized according to Middle Chinese rhyme categories, with modern Puxian Min pronunciations that are identical grouped together to clearly show the relationship between rhyme categories and example characters. Example characters corresponding to ancient rhyme categories that are isolated cases are not listed (such as: 做 from 遇 She, 龜 from 止 She, 艾 from 蟹 She, 借 from 假 She, 茄 from 果 She, 店 from 咸 She, 張 from 宕 She, 硬 from 梗 She, 風 from 通 She, and so on).

Finals used only for function words, sounds without corresponding characters, and exceptional character readings (such as the final ae /ɛ/ for 十 in Putian, or the final aonn /ãũ/ for 猴 in Xianyou) are also not listed. For a more complete chart, please refer to the module or this table.

Examples Putian Jiangkou Nanri Donghai Xianyou Youyang Fengting BUC MC She Notes
加差鴉把(文)馬(文) a
/a/		 a
/a/		 a
/a/ 		a
/a/		 a
/a/		 a
/a/		 a
/a/		 a
/*a/ 		假
罷佳涯崖 蟹
百(白)伯(白)客(白)冊(白)隔(白) 梗入 [Final 1]
麥(白)白(白) ah
/*aːʔ/		 [Final 2]
平(白)病(白)諍(白)星(白)晴(白) ann
/ã/		 ann
/ã/		 ann
/ã/		 ann
/ã/		 aⁿ
/*ã/ 		梗
閉低帝犁買(白) e
/e/		 e
/e/		 e
/e/ 		e
/e/		 e
/e/		 e
/e/		 e
/e/		 a̤
/*e/ 		蟹
麗籬荔地 止
夾(白)貼(白)帖(白) 咸入 [Final 1]
疊(白)搣摕 a̤h
/*eːʔ/		 [Final 2]
間(白)閒(白)先(白)肩(白)前(白) ae
/ɛ/ 		inn
/ĩ/		 inn
/ĩ/		 enn
/ẽ/		 inn
/ĩ/		 a̤ⁿ
/*ẽ/ 		山
螺(白)腡(白)坐(白) oe
/ø/		 oe
/ø/		 oe
/ø/ 		e
/e/		 oe
/ø/		 oe
/ø/		 e
/e/		 e̤
/*ø/ 		果
戴(白)推(白)脆(白)改(白)災(白) 蟹
所初阻楚助 遇
斷(白)卵(白)鑽(白)酸(白)全(白) inn
/ĩ/		 ynn
/ỹ/		 oenn
/ø̃/		 inn
/ĩ/		 e̤ⁿ
/*ø̃/ 		山
頓(白)褪(白) 臻
多可波和賀(文) or
/ɒ/		 or
/ɒ/		 or
/ɒ/ 		or
/ɒ/		 or
/ɒ/		 or
/ɒ/		 or
/ɒ/		 o̤
/*ɒ/ 		果
馬(白)茶(白)下(白)嫁(白)假(白) 假
靠高保(文)刀(文)草(文) 效
塔(白)押(白)插(白)搭(白)鴨(白) 咸入 [Final 1]
蠟(白)磕(白)踏(白)沓(白) o̤h
/*ɒːʔ/		 [Final 2]
膽(白)籃(白)敢(白)柑(白)三(白) ornn
/ɒ̃/		 ornn
/ɒ̃/		 ornn
/ɒ̃/		 ornn
/ɒ̃/		 o̤ⁿ
/*ɒ̃/ 		咸
河(白)賀(白)餓(白)過(白)貨(白) o
/o/		 o
/o/		 o
/o/ 		er
/ɤ/		 o
/o/		 o
/o/		 er
/ɤ/		 eo
/*o/ 		果
此死(白)四(白)事(文)字(文) 止
保(白)刀(白)寶(白)討(白)棗(白) 效
桌(白)卓(白) 江入 [Final 1]
索(白)郭(白) 宕入 [Final 1]
鐲(白)學(白) eoh
/*oːʔ/ 		江入 [Final 2]
薄(白)落(白)昨(白) 宕入
米肺剃箅來 i
/i/		 i
/i/		 i
/i/ 		i
/i/		 i
/i/		 i
/i/		 i
/i/		 i
/*i/ 		蟹
離希皮(文)字(白)四(白) 止
鐵(白)鱉(白)薛(白)缺(白) 山入 [Final 1]
舌(白)折(白)蝕(白) ih
/*iːʔ/		 [Final 2]
豬書取舉處(文) y
/y/ 		y
/y/ 		u/y
/u///y/ 		y
/y/ 		y
/y/ 		ṳ
/*y/ 		遇
府務扶(文)付(文)無(文) u
/u/		 u
/u/		 u
/u/ 		u
/u/		 u
/u/		 u
/u/		 u
/u/		 u
/*u/ 		遇
富(文)牛(白)久(白)丘(白)舊(白) 流
且社者車借 ia
/ia/		 ie
/ie/		 ia
/ia/ 		ia
/ia/		 ia
/ia/		 ia
/ia/		 ia
/ia/		 ia
/*ia/ 		假
益(白)赤(白)迹(白)隻(白)僻(白) 梗入 [Final 1]
糴(白)搦食(白) iah
/*iaːʔ/		 [Final 2]
丙(白)名(白)領(白)正(白)鏡(白) iann
/iã/		 iann
/iã/		 iann
/iã/		 iann
/iã/		 iaⁿ
/*iã/ 		梗
標苗表廟條 ieo
/ieu/		 iao
/iɐu/		 ieo
/ieu/ 		ieo
/iəu/		 ieo
/iəu/		 ieo
/iəu/		 ieo
/iəu/		 a̤u
/*eu/ 		效
構否厚(文)斗(文)母(文) 流
惜(白)尺(白)螫(白) 梗入 [Final 1]
着(白)箬(白)石(白)蓆(白) a̤uh
/*euːʔ/		 [Final 2]
張(白)涼(白)章(白)唱(白)上(白) iunn
/iũ/		 iunn
/iũ/		 iunn
/iũ/		 iunn
/iũ/		 a̤uⁿ
/*eũ/ 		宕
丟籌周守柳 iu
/iu/		 iu
/iu/		 iu
/iu/ 		iu
/iu/		 iu
/iu/		 iu
/iu/		 iu
/iu/		 iu
/*iu/ 		流
柱(白)樹(白)鬚(白)珠(白) 遇
擺台邁皆解(文) ai
/ai/		 ai
/ai/		 ai
/ai/ 		ai
/ai/		 ai
/ai/		 ai
/ai/		 ai
/ai/		 ai
/*ai/ 		蟹 [Final 3]
眉(白)師(白)使(白)利(白)滓(白) 止
包矛炮抄貌 ao
/au/		 ao
/au/		 ao
/au/ 		ao
/au/		 ao
/au/		 ao
/au/		 ao
/au/		 au
/*au/ 		效
偷(白)頭(白)後(白)走(白)九(白) 流
布圖盧粗輸(白) ou
/ou/		 ou
/ou/		 oo
/ɔ/ 		ou
/ou/		 ou
/ou/		 ou
/ou/		 ou
/ou/		 o
/*ou/ 		遇
某(白)畝(白)母(白)牡(白)雺(白) 流
磨(白)何(白)拖(白)我(白)破(白) ua
/ua/		 uo
/uo/		 ua
/ua/ 		ua
/ua/		 ua
/ua/		 ua
/ua/		 ua
/ua/		 ua
/*ua/ 		果
瓜花誇蛙瓦(文) 假
帶(白)蔡(白)債(白)外(白)話(白) 蟹
喝(白)割(白)殺(白)抹(白) 山入 [Final 1]
辣(白)活(白)跋(白)蚻(白)捋(白) uah
/*uaːʔ/		 [Final 2]
搬(白)半(白)滿(白)爛(白)傘(白) uann
/uã/		 uann
/uã/		 uann
/uã/		 uann
/uã/		 uaⁿ
/*uã/ 		山
乖怪快壞歪 uei
/uei/ 		uai
/uɐi/ 		uei
/uei/ 		uer
/uɤ/ 		uei
/uei/ 		uai
/uai/ 		uei
/uei/ 		uai
/*uai/ 		蟹
梅(文)罪(文)灰回對 oi
/oi/		 oi
/*oi/
火(白)果(白)過(白)涴(白)餜 果
吹衰皮(白)被(白)飛(白) 止
髮(白)缺(白)啜(白) 山入 [Final 1]
襪(白)月(白)物(白) oih
/*oiːʔ/		 [Final 2]
飯(白)軟(白)磚(白)關(白)遠(白) uinn
/uĩ/		 uinn
/uĩ/		 uinn
/uĩ/		 uinn
/uĩ/		 oiⁿ
/*oĩ/ 		山
本(白)門(白)聞(白) 臻
堆隊輝累推(文) ui
/ui/		 ui
/ui/		 ui
/ui/ 		ui
/ui/		 ui
/ui/		 ui
/ui/		 ui
/ui/		 ui
/*ui/ 		蟹
毀為機(白)幾(白)氣(白) 止
靴鵝(白) yor
/yɒ/		 yoe
/yø/		 ua
/ua/ 		ia
/ia/		 ya
/ya/		 ya
/ya/		 ia
/ia/		 io̤
/*yɒ/ 		果
蛇瓦(白) 假
奇(白)寄(白)騎(白)蟻(白)紙(白) 止
攑(白)斜(白)越(白)屐(白)揭(白) io̤h
/*yɒːʔ/ 		宕入 [Final 2]
燃(白)煎(白)泉(白)線(白)件(白) iann
/iã/		 yann
/yã/		 yann
/yã/		 iann
/iã/		 io̤ⁿ
/*yã/ 		山
營(白)影(白)聽(白)定(白)鼎(白) 梗
當(白)長(白)唐(白)湯(白)光(白) ung
/uŋ/		 ung
/uŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/		 ung
/uŋ/ 		ng
/ŋ/ 		ng
/*ŋ/ 		宕 [Final 4]
央(白)黃(白)行(白)方(白)秧(白) ng
/ŋ/		 ng
/ŋ/		 ng
/ŋ/ 		宕
南淡藍甘含(文) ang
/aŋ/		 ang
/aŋ/		 ang
/aŋ/ 		ang
/aŋ/		 ang
/aŋ/		 ang
/aŋ/		 ang
/aŋ/		 ang
/*aŋ/ 		咸
辦漢單(文)散(文)限(文) 山
簪飲(白) 深
房(白)放(白)網(白)幫(文)行(文) 宕
邦港項雙(白)江(白) 江
東(白)動(白)公(白)紅(白)松(白) 通
良將章(文)糧(文)場(文) yorng
/yɒŋ/		 oeng
/œŋ/		 oeng
/œŋ/ 		uerng
/uɤŋ/		 yoeng
/yøŋ/		 yang
/yɐŋ/		 ieng
/ieŋ/		 io̤ng
/*yɐŋ/ 		宕
建獻練援憲 oeng
/œŋ/		 oeng
/œŋ/		 e̤ng
/*œŋ/ 		山
損村 臻
龍終中(文)傳(文)蟲(文) 通
彎暖半(文)算(文)官(文) uang
/uaŋ/ 		ong
/ɔŋ/		 uerng
/uəŋ/ 		uong
/uoŋ/		 uang
/uaŋ/ 		uerng
/ɯəŋ/		 uang
/*uaŋ/ 		山 [Final 5]
分文吞孫君 ong
/ɵŋ/		 ong
/oŋ/		 ong
/oŋ/		 eong
/*oŋ/ 		臻
忙郎(文)房(文)放(文)網(文) orng
/ɒŋ/		 orng
/ɒŋ/		 orng
/ɒŋ/ 		orng
/ɒŋ/		 orng
/ɒŋ/		 orng
/ɒŋ/		 orng
/ɒŋ/		 o̤ng
/*ɒŋ/ 		宕
棒講(白)撞(白)望(文)雙(文) 江
礦宏轟(文)盲(文) 梗
豐農(文)風(文)空(文)夢(文) 通
羨變(文)天(文)見(文)仙(文) eng
/ɛŋ/		 eng
/ɛŋ/		 eng
/e̞ŋ/ 		eng
/ɛŋ/		 eng
/ɛŋ/		 eng
/ɛŋ/		 eng
/ɛŋ/		 eng
/*ɛŋ/ 		山
襯陳(白)真(白)信(白)鱗(白) 臻
等能肯朋生(文) 曾
靈寧停定(文)爭(文) 梗
黏尖檢點(文)添(文) ieng
/iɛŋ/		 ieng
/iɛŋ/ 		ieng
/ieŋ/		 ieng
/ieŋ/		 ieng
/iɛŋ/		 ieng
/ieŋ/		 iang
/*iaŋ/ 		咸
剪諺墊碾 山
森參針 深
棉(白)邊(白)年(白)錢(白)天(白) ing
/iŋ/		 ing
/iŋ/		 ing
/iŋ/ 		ing
/iŋ/		 ing
/iŋ/		 ing
/iŋ/		 ing
/iŋ/		 ing
/*iŋ/ 		山
身民親認(白)信(文) 臻
品深今欽林(文) 深
染(白)添(白)拈(白)淹(白)鹽(白) 咸
冰升興凌(文)證 曾
兵櫻慶平(文)星(文) 梗
斤巾近芹恩 yng
/yŋ/		 oeng
/œŋ/		 yng
/yŋ/		 yng
/yŋ/		 yng
/yŋ/		 ṳng
/*yŋ/ 		臻
傾永榮瓊詠 梗
答納榻恰插(文) ah
/aʔ/		 ah
/aʔ/		 ah
/aʔ/ 		ah
/aʔ/		 ah
/aʔ/		 ah
/aʔ/		 ah
/aʔ/		 ah
/*aʔ/ 		咸入
拔達八(文)殺(文)薩(文) 山入
確覺岳握學(文) 江入
目(白)六(白)讀(白)逐(白)幅(文) 通入
熱設傑切潔(文) eh
/ɛʔ/		 eh
/ɛʔ/		 eh
/e̞ʔ/ 		eh
/ɛʔ/		 eh
/ɛʔ/		 eh
/ɛʔ/		 eh
/ɛʔ/		 eh
/*ɛʔ/ 		山入
漆蝨瑟實(白)密(白) 臻入
得刻色賊塞(文) 曾入
格策歷笛核(文) 梗入
蝶聶葉協貼(文) ieh
/iɛʔ/ 		eh
/ɛʔ/ 		ieh
/ieʔ/ 		ieh
/ieʔ/ 		ieh
/iɛʔ/ 		ieh
/ieʔ/ 		iah
/*iaʔ/ 		咸入
捷業澀汁十(白) 深入
閱越決絕(文)月(文) oeh
/œʔ/		 oeh
/œʔ/		 oeh
/œʔ/ 		uerh
/uɤʔ/		 yoeh
/yøʔ/		 oeh
/œʔ/		 ieh
/ieʔ/		 e̤h
/*œʔ/ 		山入
足竹局曲(文)旭 通入
雀略躍(文)約(文)着(文)弱(文) yorh
/yɒʔ/		 yah
/yɐʔ/		 io̤h
/*yɒʔ/ 		宕入
奪發罰刷伐活(文) uah
/uaʔ/ 		oh
/ɔʔ/		 uerh
/uəʔ/ 		uoh
/uoʔ/		 uah
/uaʔ/ 		uerh
/ɯəʔ/		 uah
/*uaʔ/ 		山入 [Final 6]
骨術滑出物(文)核(白) oh
/ɵʔ/		 oh
/oʔ/		 oh
/oʔ/		 eoh
/*oʔ/ 		臻入
托鶴各作(文)落(文) orh
/ɒʔ/ 		orh
/ɒʔ/ 		orh
/ɒʔ/ 		orh
/ɒʔ/ 		orh
/ɒʔ/ 		orh
/ɒʔ/ 		orh
/ɒʔ/ 		o̤h
/*ɒʔ/ 		宕入 [Final 7]
駁樸濁戳(文)剝(文) 江入
谷服牧毒(文)木(文) 通入
筆質日乙七 ih
/iʔ/		 ih
/eʔ/		 ih
/iʔ/ 		ih
/iʔ/		 ih
/iʔ/		 ih
/iʔ/		 ih
/iʔ/		 ih
/*iʔ/ 		臻入
立急習泣集 深入
積碧擊席(文)織(文) 梗入
力息職極直 曾入
域 yh
/yʔ/		 oeh
/œʔ/		 yh/ih
/yʔ///iʔ/		 yh
/yʔ/		 yh
/yʔ/		 ṳh
/*yʔ/ 		曾入
疫役 梗入
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 These characters were historically pronounced with dark checked tone and have been merged into light departing tone.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 These characters were historically pronounced with light checked tone and have been merged into light level tone in most accents.
  3. ^ A rare BUC rhyme /*aiːʔ/ is not included here. Example: □ (ma̍ih, “to quarrel”)
  4. ^ In some dialects, splits to -ng after zero initial and h-, -ung after other initials.
  5. ^ Jiangkou ong /ɔŋ/ is in free variation with uong /uoŋ/.
  6. ^ Jiangkou oh /ɔʔ/ is in free variation with uoh /uoʔ/.
  7. ^ A rare BUC rhyme /*uʔ/, which has been merged into /ɒʔ/, is not included here. Example: 複 (huh).

Tone

[edit]

Most Puxian Min dialects have seven tones, with similar tone values across different dialects. Some dialects' conservative accents have eight tones, but these are not adopted in Wiktionary (see notes in the table).

The following table lists the seven tones of Puxian Min, paired with the four tones and voicing distinctions of Middle Chinese to reflect historical tonal changes.

Tone no. Tone name Example Putian Jiangkou Nanri Donghai Xianyou Youyang Fengting BUC example BUC symbols MC Tone MC Initial Type Notes
1 Dark level 沙山家西開邊 533 533 533 533 544 544 544 多 (do̤) aeioua̤e̤o̤ṳAEIOUA̤E̤O̤Ṳ 平 清 [Tone 1]
2 Light level 男窮床團平人 13 13 13 13 24 24 24 逃 (dó̤) áéíóúá̤é̤ó̤ṳ́ÁÉÍÓÚÁ̤É̤Ó̤Ṳ́ 平 濁
3 Rising 比短水古火虎 453 453 453 453 332 332 332 島／岛 (dô̤) âêîôûâ̤ê̤ô̤ṳ̂ÂÊÎÔÛÂ̤Ê̤Ô̤Ṳ̂ 上 清
猛暖腦領冷染 上 次濁
4 Dark departing 試救兔菜四肺 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 到 (do̤̍) a̍e̍i̍o̍u̍a̤̍e̤̍o̤̍ṳ̍A̍E̍I̍O̍U̍A̤̍E̤̍O̤̍Ṳ̍ 去 清
5 Light departing 重上社父坐兆 11 11 11 11 21 21 21 道 (dō̤) āēīōūā̤ē̤ō̤ṳ̄ĀĒĪŌŪĀ̤Ē̤Ō̤Ṳ̄ 上 濁
網五雨遠老有 上 次濁
豆胃雁大謝汗 去 濁
帽漏用讓戀濫 去 次濁
6A Dark checked 得出急七吸答 21 21 21 21 2 2 2 督 (do̤h) aeioua̤e̤o̤ṳAEIOUA̤E̤O̤Ṳ 入 清 [Tone 2]
6B 貼(白)節(白)惜(白)鐵(白)隔(白)搭(白) 11 11 11 11 21 21 21 搭 (dō̤) āēīōūā̤ē̤ō̤ṳ̄ĀĒĪŌŪĀ̤Ē̤Ō̤Ṳ̄ 入 清 [Tone 3]
7A Light checked 熟讀十直及習 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 獨／独 (do̤̍h) a̍e̍i̍o̍u̍a̤̍e̤̍o̤̍ṳ̍A̍E̍I̍O̍U̍A̤̍E̤̍O̤̍Ṳ̍ 入 濁 [Tone 4]
六鹿納力目入 入 次濁
7B 白(白)石(白)學(白)食(白)席(白)閘(白) 13 453 13 13 24 24 24 踏 (do̤̍h) 入 濁 [Tone 5]
月(白)麥(白)藥(白)辣(白)襪(白)落(白) 入 次濁
  1. ^ Some tones, after undergoing tone sandhi, are realized as a high level tone, similar to Tone 1 but without the final fall. It is denoted as S1 in Wiktionary.
  2. ^ Tone 6A corresponds to what is generally referred to as the dark checked tone (陰入) in the literature. It features short, abrupt syllables with a distinct glottal stop ending. In Wiktionary, these characters are marked with '6' with a glottal stop notation.
  3. ^ Tone 6B characters originate from Middle Chinese checked tone characters with voiceless initials and are predominantly vernacular readings. They are occasionally referred to as "historical dark checked tone" (古陰入). These characters have lost the characteristics of short syllables and glottal stop endings. In citation form, they are completely identical to Tone 5, and many references classify them as Tone 5. However, in tone sandhi environments, they still behave similarly to Tone 6A characters, displaying patterns distinct from Tone 5. In Wiktionary, these characters are marked with '6' without a glottal stop notation. Please refer to the tone sandhi section for examples.
  4. ^ Tone 7A corresponds to what is generally referred to as the light checked tone (陽入) in the literature. It features short, abrupt syllables with a distinct glottal stop ending. In Wiktionary, these characters are marked with '7' with a glottal stop notation.
  5. ^ Tone 7B characters derive from Middle Chinese checked tone characters with voiced obstruent (全濁) or sonorant (次濁) initials and are predominantly vernacular readings. They are sometimes referred to as "light checked tone B" (陽入乙) or "mid checked tone" (中入聲). These characters have lost the characteristics of short syllables and glottal stop endings. In most dialects, they are identical to Tone 2 in citation form (in the Jiangkou dialect, they match Tone 3 instead), and many references classify them as Tone 2 (or Tone 3). However, in tone sandhi environments, they still behave similarly to Tone 7A characters. In the BUC phonological system and some highly conservative contemporary dialects, this tonal category is realized as a high rising tone (tone value 35), distinct from both Tone 2 (or Tone 3) and Tone 7A. For example, 枇 (bi2)≠篾 (bi7)≠密 (bih7), 辭 (si2)≠折 (si7)≠翼 (sih7), 佘 (sia2)≠食 (sia7)≠涉 (sieh7), 爺 (ia2)≠驛 (ia7)≠頁 (ieh7) and 茶 (dor2)≠踏 (dor7)≠毒 (dorh7). In Wiktionary, these characters are marked with '7' without a glottal stop notation. Please refer to the tone sandhi section for examples.

Additionaly, some pronouns in Puxian Min sounds similar in pitch to the rising tone but with a -h coda. In Wiktionary, these characters are marked with S3.

Initial assimilation

[edit]

Initial assimilation is a distinctive feature of Puxian Min, referring to the phenomenon where the initial consonant of a non-initial syllable changes its pronunciation due to the influence of the final of the preceding syllable.

Based on the type of final in the preceding syllable, assimilation can be classified into the 4 categories. The following explanation uses Pouseng Ping'ing.

  1. When the preceding syllable ends with the nasal final -ng:
    b, p, m → m
    d, t, n, l, z, c, s → n
    g, k, h, ng, (zero) → ng
  2. When the preceding syllable ends with a checked tone final -h:
    All initial consonants remain unchanged
  3. When the preceding syllable is an open syllable:
    b, p → zero initial (in Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri) or w (in Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting, Donghai)
    m, n, l, ng → remain unchanged (m, n, l, ng)
    d, t, z, c, s → l
    g, k, h, (zero) → (zero)
  4. When the preceding syllable ends with a nasalized final (only in Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting, Donghai):
    b, m, p → m
    d, t, n, l, z, c, s → n (in Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting, and for syllables with nasalized finals in Donghai) or l (for syllables with other finals in Donghai)
    g, k, h, (zero) → (zero)
    ng → ng

For dialects with nasalized finals, syllables with initials m, n, ng and vocalic final are sometimes treated as having nasalized finals and sometimes as regular open syllable. Wiktionary defaults to the former interpretation. For example:

  • 暝頭:
    ma2 tao2 → ma5 nao2
    /ma²⁴⁻²¹ (tʰ-)nau²⁴/
  • 暝班
    ma2 bang1 → ma5 wang1
    /ma²⁴⁻²¹ (p-)βaŋ⁵⁴⁴/
1st
2nd
 nasal final checked final vocalic final nasalized final
b others 新婦
sing1 bu5 → sing2 mu5
/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ (p-)mu¹¹/ 		目眉
mah7 bai2 → mah6 bai2
/maʔ⁴⁻²¹ pai¹³/ 		後壁
Ⓟao5 bia5 → ao4 ia5
/au¹¹⁻⁴² (p-)ia¹¹/
Ⓧao5 bia5 → ao4 wia5
/au²¹⁻⁴² (p-)βia²¹/ 		洋筆
iunn2 bih6 → iunn4 mih6
/ĩũ²⁴⁻⁴² (p-)miʔ²/
nasalized final 戲棚
hi4 bann2 → hi4 ma2
/hi⁴² (p-)ma¹³/
p others 放炮
bang4 pao4 → bang1 mao4
/paŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (pʰ-)mau⁴²/ 		結疕
geh6 pi3 → geh7 pi3
/kɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ pʰi⁴⁵³/ 		廝拍
Ⓟso1 pa5 → so2 a5
/ɬo⁵³³⁻¹³ (pʰ-)a¹¹/
Ⓧso1 pa5 → so2 wa5
/ɬo⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ (pʰ-)βa²¹/ 		磚坯
zuinn1 puei1 → zuinn5 muei1
/t͡sũĩ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ (pʰ-)muei⁵⁴⁴/
nasalized final 尻骿
gor1 piann1 → gor5 mia1
/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ (pʰ-)mia⁵⁴⁴/
m 凊糜
cing4 ma2 → cing4 ma2
/t͡sʰiŋ⁴² ma¹³/ 		惡物
orh6 muei2 → orh7 muei2
/ɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ muei¹³/ 		索麵
so5 ming5 → so4 ming5
/ɬo¹¹⁻⁴² miŋ¹¹/ 		半暝
buann4 ma2 → buann1 ma2
/pũã⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ma²⁴/
d others 年兜
ning2 dao1 → ning5 nao1
/niŋ¹³⁻¹¹ (t-)nau⁵³³/ 		腹肚
bah6 dou3 → bah7 dou3
/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ tɔu⁴⁵³/ 		布袋
bou4 doe5 → bou4 loe5
/pɔu⁴² (t-)lø¹¹/ 		棚頂
bann2 deng3 → bann5 neng3
/pã²⁴⁻²¹ (t-)nɛŋ³³²/
nasalized final 藥單
ieo2 duann1 → ieo5 nua1
/ieu²⁴⁻²¹ (t-)nua⁵⁴⁴/
t others 田塗
ceng2 tou2 → ceng5 nou2
/t͡sʰɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ (tʰ-)nɔu¹³/ 		賊頭
ceh7 tao2 → ceh6 tao2
/t͡sʰɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/ 		事體
so5 te3 → so5 le3
/ɬo¹¹ (tʰ-)le⁴⁵³/ 		性頭
sann4 tao2 → sann1 nao2
/ɬã⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (tʰ-)nau²⁴/
nasalized final 大廳
dua5 tiann1 → dua5 nia1
/tua¹¹ (tʰ-)nia⁵³³/
n 嬸娘
sing3 nieo2 → sing2 nieo2
/ɬiŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ nieu¹³/ 		惡人
orh6 nang2 → orh7 nang2
/ɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ naŋ¹³/ 		茶箬
dor2 nieo2 → dor5 nieo2
/tɒ¹³⁻¹¹ nieu¹³/ 		衫領
sornn1 nia3 → sornn5 nia3
/ɬɒ̃⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nia³³²/
l 王梨
orng2 lai2 → orng5 nai2
/ɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ (l-)nai¹³/ 		出納
coh6 lah7 → coh7 lah7
/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ laʔ⁴/ 		尾梨
buei3 li2 → buei2 li2
/puei⁴⁵³⁻¹³ li¹³/ 		娘嬭
niu2 le3 → niu5 ne3
/niu²⁴⁻²¹ (l-)ne³³²/
g 凊汗
cing4 gua5 → cing4 ngua5
/t͡sʰiŋ⁴² (k-)ŋua¹¹/ 		墨膏
bah7 go1 → bah6 go1
/paʔ⁴⁻²¹ ko⁵³³/ 		雞角
ge1 gah6 → ge2 ah6
/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ (k-)aʔ²¹/ 		倩工
ciann4 gang1 → ciann1 ang1
/t͡sʰĩã⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (k-)aŋ⁵⁴⁴/
k 胸坎
horng1 kang3 → horng5 ngang3
/hɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ (kʰ-)ŋaŋ⁴⁵³/ 		出虹
coh6 korng5 → coh4 korng5
/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴² kʰɒŋ¹¹/ 		鼻空
pi4 kang1 → pi1 ang1
/pʰi⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (kʰ-)aŋ⁵³³/ 		鼎篋
diann3 ke5 → diann2 e5
/tĩã³³²⁻²⁴ (kʰ-)e²¹/
h 蟲蟻
tang2 hyor5 → tang4 ngyor5
/tʰaŋ¹³⁻⁴² (h-)ŋyɒ¹¹/ 		粟核
corh6 hoh7 → corh7 hoh7
/t͡sʰɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ hɔʔ⁴/ 		落雨
lo7 hou5 → lo4 ou5
/lo¹³⁻⁴² (h-)ɔu¹¹/ 		歡喜
huann1 hi3 → huann5 i3
/hũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ (h-)i³³²/
ng 龍眼
loeng2 nge3 → loeng5 nge3
/lœŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ŋe⁴⁵³/ 		十五
seh7 ngou5 → seh4 ngou5
/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻⁴² ŋɔu¹¹/ 		預言
y5 ngoeng2 → y5 ngoeng2
/y¹¹ ŋœŋ¹³/ 		捲蔫
guinn3 ngeng1 → guinn5 ngeng1
/kũĩ³³²⁻²¹ ŋɛŋ⁵⁴⁴/
z others 針黹
zieng3 zi3 → zieng5 ni3
/t͡siɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (t͡s-)ni⁴⁵³/ 		熨枕
oh6 zing3 → oh7 zing3
/ɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siŋ⁴⁵³/ 		利錢
li4 zing2 → li4 ling2
/li⁴² (t͡s-)liŋ¹³/ 		鼎灶
diann3 zao4 → diann5 nao4
/tĩã³³²⁻²¹ (t͡s-)nau⁴²/
nasalized final 豆漿
dao5 ziunn1 → dao5 niu1
/tau²¹ (t͡s-)niu⁵⁴⁴/
c others 眩車
hyng2 cia1 → hyng5 nia1
/hyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ (t͡sʰ-)nia⁵³³/ 		出喙
coh6 cui4 → coh7 cui4
/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sʰui⁴²/ 		駛車
sai3 cia1 → sai5 lia1
/ɬai⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (t͡sʰ-)lia⁵³³/ 		尻川
gor1 cuinn1 → gor5 nui1
/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ (t͡sʰ-)nui⁵⁴⁴/
nasalized final 磚厝
zuinn1 cou4 → zuinn2 nou4
/t͡sũĩ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ (t͡sʰ-)nɔu⁴²/
s others 總數
zorng3 sieo4 → zorng5 nieo4
/t͡sɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (ɬ-)nieu⁴²/ 		虼蚻
gorh7 suah7 → gorh6 suah7
/kɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬuaʔ⁴/ 		對時
dui4 si2 → dui4 li2
/tui⁴² (ɬ-)li¹³/ 		兄嫂
hiann1 so3 → hiann5 no3
/hĩã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ (ɬ-)no³³²/
nasalized final 收山
siu1 suann1 → siu5 nua1
/ɬiu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ (ɬ-)nua⁵⁴⁴/
(zero) 靈位
leng2 ui5 → leng4 ngui5
/lɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² (Ø-)ŋui¹¹/ 		八音
bah6 ing1 → bah7 ing1
/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ iŋ⁵³³/ 		亞鉛
a4 oeng2 → a4 oeng2
/a⁴² œŋ¹³/ 		聽話
tiann1 ua5 → tiann2 ua5
/tʰĩã⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ua²¹/

While consonant assimilation is a prominent feature of Puxian Min, it does not occur in all words or phrases during connected speech. Generally, literary vocabulary and neologisms borrowed from the standard language are less likely to undergo assimilation. Phrases typically do not undergo assimilation either (except for some that have already fossilized).

Some words' assimilated pronunciations preserve ancient sounds and therefore do not follow regular patterns. For example (using Putian dialect pronunciation):

Tone Sandhi

[edit]

Tone sandhi rules in the Puxian Min are complex. Generally, only non-final syllables in a word undergo tone sandhi.

Regular two-syllable tone sandhi are automatically done by the module. The table below shows these sandhi rules. The rows represent the tone of the first syllable, while the columns represent the tone of the second syllable. Each cell in the table indicates the resulting tone of the first syllable after tone sandhi occurs. For cells divided by a slash, the left side represents the Putian dialect, while the right side represents the Xianyou dialect.

2nd
1st
 1 2/7B 3 4 5/6B 6A 7A
1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5
2/7B 5 5 5 S1 4 4 5
3 5 2/S1 5 5 2 2 5
4 S1 4/S1 S1 S1 4 4 S1
5 5 5 5 S1 4 4 5
6A 7A 7A 7A 7A 4/7A 4/7A 7A
6B S1 S1 S1 S1 4 4 S1
7A 6A 6A 6A 7A 4 4 6A
S3 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A

Examples:

2nd
1st
 1 2 3 4 5 6A 6B 7A 7B
1 豬哥
dy1 go1 → dy5 go1
/ty⁵³³⁻¹¹ ko⁵³³/ 		烏塗
ou1 tou2 → ou5 lou2
/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ (tʰ-)lɔu¹³/ 		批紙
pe1 zyor3 → pe5 lyor3
/pʰe⁵³³⁻¹¹ (t͡s-)lyɒ⁴⁵³/ 		興化
hing1 hua4 → hing2 ngua4
/hiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ (h-)ŋua⁴²/ 		番柿
huang1 ki5 → huang2 ngi5
/huaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ (kʰ-)ŋi¹¹/ 		豬角
dy1 gah6 → dy2 gah6
/ty⁵³³⁻¹³ kaʔ²¹/ 		冬節
dang1 ze6 → dang2 ne6
/taŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ (t͡s-)ne¹¹/ 		薰盒
hong1 ah7 → hong5 ah7
/hɔŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ aʔ⁴/ 		溪石
ke1 sieo7 → ke5 lieo7
/kʰe⁵³³⁻¹¹ (ɬ-)lieu¹³/
2 蝦蛄
hor2 gou1 → hor5 ou1
/hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ (k-)ɔu⁵³³/ 		行棋
gia2 gi2 → gia5 gi2
/kia¹³⁻¹¹ ki¹³/ 		姨媽
i2 ma3 → i5 ma3
/i¹³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/ 		名姓
mia2 sa4 → mia1 la4
/mia¹³⁻⁵⁵ (ɬ-)la⁴²/ 		柴料
cor2 lieo5 → cor4 lieo5
/t͡sʰɒ¹³⁻⁴² lieu¹¹/ 		牛軛
gu2 eh6 → gu4 eh6
/ku¹³⁻⁴² ɛʔ²¹/ 		松柏
soeng2 ba6 → soeng4 ma6
/ɬœŋ¹³⁻⁴² (p-)ma¹¹/ 		羊肉
ieo2 noeh7 → ieo5 noeh7
/ieu¹³⁻¹¹ nœʔ⁴/ 		茶箬
dor2 nieo7 → dor5 nieo7
/tɒ¹³⁻¹¹ nieu¹³/
3 火烌
hor3 hu1 → hor5 u1
/hɒ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (h-)u⁵³³/ 		飲糜
Ⓟang3 muei2 → ang2 muei2
/aŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ muei¹³/
Ⓧang3 mui2 → ang1 mui2
/aŋ³³²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/ 		短䘼
doe3 uei3 → doe5 uei3
/tø⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ uei⁴⁵³/ 		蠓帳
mang3 dieo4 → mang5 nieo4
/maŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (t-)nieu⁴²/ 		手運
ciu3 ong5 → ciu2 ong5
/t͡sʰiu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ɔŋ¹¹/ 		尾叔
buei3 zoeh6 → buei2 loeh6
/puei⁴⁵³⁻¹³ (t͡s-)lœʔ²¹/ 		碗缺
ua3 ki6 → ua2 ki6
/ua⁴⁵³⁻¹³ kʰi¹¹/ 		煮食
zy3 siah7 → zy5 liah7
/t͡sy⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (ɬ-)liæʔ⁴/ 		?
4 樹奶
ciu4 neng1 → ciu1 neng1
/t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ nɛŋ⁵³³/ 		敬虔
Ⓟging4 geng2 → ging4 geng2
/kiŋ⁴² kɛŋ¹³/
Ⓧging4 geng2 → ging1 geng2
/kiŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɛŋ²⁴/ 		喙䫌
cui4 pe3 → cui1 e3
/t͡sʰui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (pʰ-)e⁴⁵³/ 		拜四
bai4 si4 → bai1 li4
/pai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (ɬ-)li⁴²/ 		鼻路
pi4 lou5 → pi4 lou5
/pʰi⁴² lɔu¹¹/ 		四角
si4 gah6 → si4 gah6
/ɬi⁴² kaʔ²¹/ 		送節
sang4 ze6 → sang4 ze6
/ɬaŋ⁴² t͡se¹¹/ 		透日
tao4 dih7 → tao1 lih7
/tʰau⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (t-)liʔ⁴/ 		褲襪
kou4 buei7 → kou4 buei7
/kʰɔu⁴² puei¹³/
5 伓通
ng5 tang1 → ng5 nang1
/ŋ̍¹¹ (tʰ-)naŋ⁵³³/ 		面盆
ming5 pong2 → ming5 mong2
/miŋ¹¹ (pʰ-)mɔŋ¹³/ 		啞口
or5 kao3 → or5 ao3
/ɒ¹¹ (kʰ-)au⁴⁵³/ 		代誌
dai5 zi4 → dai1 li4
/tai¹¹⁻⁵⁵ (t͡s-)li⁴²/ 		利便
li5 beng5 → li4 eng5
/li¹¹⁻⁴² (p-)ɛŋ¹¹/ 		後角
ao5 gah6 → ao4 gah6
/au¹¹⁻⁴² kaʔ²¹/ 		大伯
dua5 ba6 → dua4 a6
/tua¹¹⁻⁴² (p-)a¹¹/ 		靜寂
zing5 zih7 → zing5 zih7
/t͡siŋ¹¹ t͡siʔ⁴/ 		銃藥
coeng5 ieo7 → coeng5 ngieo7
/t͡sʰœŋ¹¹ (Ø-)ŋieu¹³/
6A 竹篙
doeh6 go1 → doeh7 go1
/tœʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ko⁵³³/ 		百靈
beh6 leng2 → beh7 leng2
/pɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɛŋ¹³/ 		沃水
orh6 zui3 → orh7 zui3
/ɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sui⁴⁵³/ 		出葬
coh6 zorng4 → coh7 zorng4
/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sɒŋ⁴²/ 		捌字
Ⓟbeh6 zi5 → beh4 zi5
/pɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² t͡si¹¹/
Ⓧbeh6 zi5 → beh7 zi5
/pɛʔ²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹/ 		粟殼
Ⓟcorh6 kah6 → corh4 kah6
/t͡sʰɒʔ²¹⁻⁴² kʰaʔ²¹/
Ⓧcorh6 kah6 → corh7 kah6
/t͡sʰɒʔ²⁻⁴ kʰaʔ²/ 		? 竹笠
doeh6 lieh7 → doeh7 lieh7
/tœʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liɛʔ⁴/ 		竹箬
doeh6 nieo7 → doeh7 nieo7
/tœʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ nieu¹³/
6B 伯公
ba6 gorng1 → ba1 orng1
/pa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ (k-)ɒŋ⁵³³/ 		隔年
ga6 ning2 → ga1 ning2
/ka¹¹⁻⁵⁵ niŋ¹³/ 		甲子
gor6 zi3 → gor1 li3
/kɒ¹¹⁻⁵⁵ (t͡s-)li⁴⁵³/ 		缺喙
ki6 cui4 → ki1 lui4
/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵⁵ (t͡sʰ-)lui⁴²/ 		惜命
sieo6 mia5 → sieo4 mia5
/ɬieu¹¹⁻⁴² mia¹¹/ 		拍折
pa6 sih6 → pa4 sih6
/pʰa¹¹⁻⁴² ɬiʔ²¹/ 		隔壁
ga6 bia6 → ga4 ia6
/ka¹¹⁻⁴² (p-)ia¹¹/ 		百日
ba6 dih7 → ba1 lih7
/pa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ (t-)liʔ⁴/ 		拍石
pa6 sieo7 → pa1 lieo7
/pʰa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ (ɬ-)lieu¹³/
7A 曝衫
porh7 sor1 → porh6 sor1
/pʰɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬɒ⁵³³/ 		日頭
dih7 tao2 → dih6 tao2
/tiʔ⁴⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/ 		力草
lih7 cao3 → lih6 cao3
/liʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰau⁴⁵³/ 		目鏡
mah7 gia4 → mah7 gia4
/maʔ⁴ kia⁴²/ 		額份
geh7 hong5 → geh4 hong5
/kɛʔ⁴⁻⁴² hɔŋ¹¹/ 		蠟燭
lorh7 zorh6 → lorh4 zorh6
/lɒʔ⁴⁻⁴² t͡sɒʔ²¹/ 		? 虼蚻
gorh7 suah7 → gorh6 suah7
/kɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬuaʔ⁴/ 		目液
mah7 sieo7 → mah6 sieo7
/maʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬieu¹³/
7B 著災
dieo7 zoe1 → dieo5 loe1
/tieu¹³⁻¹¹ (t͡s-)lø⁵³³/ 		辣頭
lua7 tao2 → lua5 lao2
/lua¹³⁻¹¹ (tʰ-)lau¹³/ 		白殕
ba7 pu3 → ba5 pu3
/pa¹³⁻¹¹ pʰu⁴⁵³/ 		物配
muei7 puei4 → muei1 uei4
/muei¹³⁻⁵⁵ (pʰ-)uei⁴²/ 		石卵
sieo7 noe5 → sieo4 noe5
/ɬieu¹³⁻⁴² nø¹¹/ 		藥粕
ieo7 po6 → ieo4 po6
/ieu¹³⁻⁴² pʰo¹¹/ 		石級
sieo7 keh6 → sieo4 keh6
/ɬieu¹³⁻⁴² kʰɛʔ²¹/ 		食食
sia7 sih7 → sia5 sih7
/ɬia¹³⁻¹¹ ɬiʔ⁴/ 		篾蓆
bi7 cieo7 → bi5 lieo7
/pi¹³⁻¹¹ (t͡sʰ-)lieu¹³/
S3 我驚
guah3 gia1 → guah7 gia1
/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ kia⁵³³/ 		我儂
guah3 nang2 → guah7 nang2
/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ¹³/ 		許主
heh3 zou3 → heh7 zou3
/hɛʔ³²⁻⁴ t͡sɔu⁴⁵³/ 		汝輩
dyh3 buei4 → dyh7 buei4
/tyʔ³²⁻⁴ puei⁴²/ 		許幢
heh3 torng5 → heh7 torng5
/hɛʔ³²⁻⁴ tʰɒŋ¹¹/ 		許下
heh3 gorh6 → heh7 gorh6
/hɛʔ³²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²¹/ 		- 許盒
heh3 orh7 → heh7 orh7
/hɛʔ³²⁻⁴ ɒʔ⁴/ 		-

Tone sandhi patterns for three syllables or more are more complex and irregular, and cannot always follow the rules for disyllabic words. In such cases, manual specification of tone sandhi may be needed, as explained below.

Use Cases

[edit]

Different pronunciation groups are separated by /. Each group consists of at least one dialect tag followed by a colon : and then the romanized form. Multiple dialect tags within the same group are separated by commas ,.

For vocabulary that follows the regular tone sandhi and assimilation rules, the module will handle these phonological changes automatically; you only need to input the citation pronunciation of each character.

  • 回: zh-pron|px=pt,nr,xy,ft:huei2/jk:huai2/yy:hoi2
  • 木瓜: zh-pron|px=pt,nr,xy,yy,ft:borh7 gua1/jk:borh7 guo1
  • 烏目鏡: zh-pron|px=pt:ou1 mah7 gia4/xy:ou1 mah7 giann4
  • 𤆬火山：zh-pron|pt:cyor4 huei3 sua1/xy:cya4 huei3 suann1

    • For a syllable that does not undergo tone sandhi, # can be added after the syllable to retain its citation tone.

    • 日食: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:dih7# sih6

    For an initial consonant that should not undergo assimilation, * can be added before the syllable to block assimilation.

    • 政治: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:zing4 *di5
  • 經理: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:ging1 *li3
  • 使手路: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:sai3 *ciu3 lou5
  • 掌頭指: zh-pron|px=xy,yy,ft:zing3 tao2 *zai3

    • For tone changes in a syllable that cannot be explained by the default rules, - can be added after the syllable followed by the actual tone number.

    • 火舌: zh-pron|px=pt:huei3-5 *si2/xy:huei3-5 si2
  • 木虱鬼: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:bah7-6 seh6 gui3
  • 落雨天: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:lo2-5 hou5-2 ting1

    • If a syllable's initial consonant and/or final undergoes irregular changes during the phonological process, > can be added before the tone number of that syllable, followed by the actual initial and final (typically used for irregular assimilation).

    • 仙遊: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:sing1 iu>niu2
  • 三國: zh-pron|px=xy:sang1 gorh>morh6
  • 煙筒: zh-pron|px=pt:eng1 dang>lang2
  • 藥湯: zh-pron|px=pt:ieo7 tung>nung1/xy:ieo7 tng1

    • In general, when you input Putian pronunciation, the module will automatically generate the corresponding Báⁿ-uā-ci̍, with each syllable in lowercase and connected by hyphens. To modify this default behavior, ^ can be added before a syllable to capitalize its first letter; also, \ can be added at the end of a syllable to replace the following hyphen with a space. These two markers must be placed "outside" any other phonological change markers. Note that using ^ and \ with non-Putian dialects will not affect the output.

    • 莆田: zh-pron|px=pt,xy:^pou2 ceng2
  • 老牛食幼筍: zh-pron|px=pt:lao5 *gu2#\ *sia7-5\ iu4 *song3/xy:lao5 *gu2# *sia7-5 iu4 *suong3

    • References

    [edit]
    • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “Chinese entry guidelines/Puxian Min”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN.
    • 陈浩淼 [Chen, Hao-miao] (2020), 莆仙方言语音比较研究 [The Study on the Comparison of Phonology of Puxian Dialect], Fujian Normal University
    • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN.
    • 黃金恳, 莆田市地方志编纂委员会, editor (2001), 莆田市志 [Chronicle of Putian City], Beijing: 方志出版社, →ISBN
    • 蔡国妹 [Cai, Guomei] (2006) 莆仙方言研究——兼论过渡性方言的特征 [A Study on Pu-Xian Dialect —— its features as a transitional dialect] (PhD Thesis) (in cmn, cpx).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Chinese_entry_guidelines/Puxian_Min&oldid=88404250"