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業

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 菐 and 业
業 U+696D, 業
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-696D
← 楬
[U+696C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 楮 →
[U+696E]

Translingual

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Han character

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業 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿金廿木 (TCTD), four-corner 32904, composition ⿱业𦍎)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 541, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15170
  • Dae Jaweon: page 928, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1247, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+696D

Chinese

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trad. 業
simp. 业*
alternative forms 𤑽 ancient
𤎸 ancient
𪴨
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 業
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (業) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礏 *ŋoːb
業 *ŋab
鄴 *ŋab
驜 *ŋab
嶪 *ŋab
鸈 *ŋab
澲 *ŋab

Various explanations exist:

Up until the Warring States period, the character was written doubled as 𪴨 and sometimes as 𫨱. The latter is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声) using 去 (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)) as a phonetic component. In bamboo slips the vertical stroke of 丵 extended such that the bottom looks like 木.

  1. ^ 漢語多功能字庫 - 字頭 「業」
  2. ^ 李学勤，2012《字源》，Tianjin: 天津古籍出版社。p.199
  3. ^ 季旭昇，2004《說文新證》，台北：藝文印書館印行，2014年9月第二版。p.169

Etymology

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work; achievement
Etymology not clear.
large; terrific
Cognate with 巖 (OC *ŋraːm) (Schuessler, 2007). See 嚴 for more.

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 業
Mandarin Beijing /iɛ⁵¹/
Harbin /iɛ⁵³/
Tianjin /ie⁵³/
Jinan /iə²¹/
Qingdao /iə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /iɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /niɛ²¹/
Xining /ȵi⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ie¹³/
Lanzhou /ȵiə¹³/
Ürümqi /iɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /ie²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵie³¹/
Guiyang /nie²¹/
Kunming /niɛ³¹/
Nanjing /ieʔ⁵/
Hefei /iɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /iəʔ²/
Pingyao /ȵiʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /iaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /ȵiəʔ³/
Hangzhou /ȵiəʔ²/
Wenzhou /ȵi²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ne²²/
Tunxi /ȵia¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ȵie²⁴/
Xiangtan /ȵie²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋiap̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ŋiɑp̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jip̚²/
Nanning /nip̚²²/
Hong Kong /jip̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giap̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋieʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋiɛ⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋiap̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋiap̚⁵/
/ŋiap̚³/
Rime
Character 業
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 業 (147)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 魚怯切
Baxter ngjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨɐp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋiɐp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɨap̚/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiap̚/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭɐp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯ɐp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jip6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 業 業 業
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yè yè yè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngjæp › ‹ ngjæp › ‹ ngjæp ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m-qʰ](r)[a]p/ /*[m-qʰ](r)[a]p/ /*[ŋ](r)[a]p/
English work (n.) horizontal board of a bell stand or frame strong, sturdy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 業
Reading # 1/1
No. 14819
Phonetic
component 		業
Rime
group 		盍
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		業
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋab/

Definitions

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業

  1. profession; business; trade
    農業／农业  ―  nóngyè  ―  agriculture
    商業／商业  ―  shāngyè  ―  business; commerce; trade
    行業／行业  ―  hángyè  ―  industry; profession
  2. merits and achievements; work
    功業／功业  ―  gōngyè  ―  merits and achievements
  3. course of study
    學業／学业  ―  xuéyè  ―  studies
    畢業／毕业  ―  bìyè  ―  to graduate
  4. property; estate
    家業／家业  ―  jiāyè  ―  family property
  5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) lofty; large
  6. (Buddhism) karma
  7. (literary) already
  8. (literary) to engage in (a job or work)
  9. (historical) ornamental wooden board, carved into a sawtooth shape, on top of the horizontal beam of the frame on which bells, drums, and other instruments hang
    alt. forms: 㸣 (yè)
    See also: 簨
  10. (Hokkien) busy and laborious (causing sadness and distress)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 已經 (“already”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 已, 業, 業已, 既
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 已經, 已, 業經, 業已, 已然
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 已經, 已竟, 已就
Taiwan 已經
Singapore 已經
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 已經
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 已經
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 可價
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 已經
Wuhan 已經
Guilin 已經
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 已經
Hefei 已經
Cantonese Guangzhou 已經, 經已
Hong Kong 已經, 經已
Taishan 經已
Yangjiang 應
Singapore (Guangfu) 已經
Gan Nanchang 已經
Hakka Meixian 既經
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 既經
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 既經, 已經
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 既經
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 既經
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 既經
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 已經
Huizhou Jixi 已經
Jin Taiyuan 已經
Northern Min Jian'ou 已經
Eastern Min Fuzhou 已經
Matsu 已經
Southern Min Xiamen 已經
Quanzhou 已經
Zhangzhou 已經
Taipei 已經
Kaohsiung 已經
Singapore (Hokkien) 已經
Manila (Hokkien) 已經
Chaozhou 已經
Shantou 已經
Jieyang 已經
Pontianak (Teochew) 已經
Wu Shanghai 已經
Suzhou 已經
Wenzhou 已經
Xiang Changsha 現是, 已經
Shuangfeng 已經, 既已經

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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業

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. work, business, task, profession
  2. vocation
  3. arts
  4. performance

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds containing 業

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
業
ぎょう
Grade: 3
on'yomi

/ɡepu/ → /ɡefu/ → /ɡeu/ → /ɡjoː/

From Middle Chinese 業 (MC ngjaep). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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業(ぎょう) • (gyō) ←げふ (gefu)?

  1. work, task, business: the job at hand
  2. profession, business, trade: what one does to earn a living
  3. studies, scholarship ("being a scholar"), the arts
    医(い)科(か)の業(ぎょう)に着(ちゃく)手(しゅ)する
    ika no gyō ni chakushu suru
    set to studying medicine, start one's medical studies
Proverbs
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
業
ごう
Grade: 3
on'yomi

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → /ɡou/ → /ɡoː/

From Middle Chinese 業 (MC ngjaep). The goon, so likely an earlier borrowing. Translation from the Sanskrit term कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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業(ごう) • (gō) ←ごふ (gofu)?

  1. (Buddhism) karma
  2. sin, misdeed
  3. abbreviation of 業腹 (gōhara): resentment, resentful
Idioms
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Proverbs
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Proper noun

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業(ごう) • (Gō) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
業
なり
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[4]

Derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 業る (naru, “to earn a living”). Ultimately of same origin as verb なる (naru, “to become”).[5]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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業(なり) • (nari) 

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) a living, a job, what one does to earn a living

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
業
わざ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[6]

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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業(わざ) • (waza) 

  1. a work of great significance or intent
  2. an intentional act or action
  3. (Buddhism) a Buddhist memorial service
  4. one's job, occupation, profession
  5. a matter or affair: implies a complication or problem
    容(よう)易(い)な業(わざ)ではありませんよ。
    Yōi na waza de wa arimasen yo.
    It's no easy matter, I tell you.
  6. a technique, a means of doing something
    業(わざ)を磨(みが)く
    waza o migaku
    polish one's technique
  7. a move or technique in sumo, judo, kendo, or other competitive activity
  8. a disaster, misfortune, calamity
Derived terms
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  • (intentional act): 態(わざ)と (waza to): intentionally, deliberately

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 805:
    , text here
  5. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  6. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 721:
    , text here

Korean

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Hanja

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業 (eumhun 일 업 (il eop))

  1. hanja form? of 업 (“work”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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業: Hán Nôm readings: nghiệp

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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