Jump to content

法

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 灋
法 U+6CD5, 法
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CD5
← 泔
[U+6CD4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 泖 →
[U+6CD6]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

法 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, Cangjie input 水土戈 (EGI), four-corner 34131, composition ⿰氵去)

Derived characters

[edit]
[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 616, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17290
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1010, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1579, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6CD5

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 法
alternative forms 㳒
灋
𢌇
佱
𣳴

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 法
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (法) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
法 *pqab
灋 *pqab
X-ray image of the Zuoceban yuan inscription, Late Shang dynasty

Earliest attested on the late Shang bronze 作册般銅黿. phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, *pap): semantic 氵 (“water”) + semantic 廌 (“a type of antelope or caprid”) + abbreviated phonetic 盍 (*gˤap). Later, 廌 (zhì) was omitted.

In bronze inscriptions, mostly used for 廢 (OC *pas, “to cast aside; to waste”):

率亡灋矢。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
From: Late Shang, 作册般銅黿 inscription
Lǜ wáng fèi shǐ. [Pinyin]
not a single arrow was wasted.

A notable exception is the early Western Zhou 大盂鼎, where 灋 is analyzed as 廢 in the sense of "great" (per Erya 《釋詁》：「廢，大也。」):

…故天異臨子、灋保先王、☐有四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
…故天异临子、灋保先王、☐有四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Early Western Zhou, Da Yu ding inscription
... Gù tiān yì lín zǐ, 灋 bǎo xiānwáng, ☐ yǒu sìfāng. [Pinyin]
...therefore Heaven watched over you with extraordinary [favour], greatly safeguarded the former kings, and [they] possessed the four quarters.

Etymology 1

[edit]

Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”), Burmese ပုံ (pum, “shape, form”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
Note:
  • huab4 - Chaozhou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping, Pontianak;
  • huag4 - Shantou, Chenghai.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 法
Mandarin Beijing /fa²¹⁴/
/fa⁵¹/
Harbin /fa²¹³/
Tianjin /fɑ⁴⁵/ ～子
/fɑ¹³/ 方～,～國
Jinan /fa²¹³/
Qingdao /fa⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /fa²⁴/
Xi'an /fa²¹/
Xining /fa⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /fa¹³/
Lanzhou /fa¹³/
Ürümqi /fa⁵¹/
Wuhan /fa²¹³/
Chengdu /fa³¹/
Guiyang /fa²¹/
Kunming /fa̠³¹/
Nanjing /fɑʔ⁵/
Hefei /fɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /faʔ²/
Pingyao /xuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /faʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /faʔ⁵/
Suzhou /faʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /fɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /ho²¹³/
Hui Shexian /faʔ²¹/
Tunxi /fuːə⁵/
Xiang Changsha /fa²⁴/
Xiangtan /ɸɒ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /faʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fap̚¹/
Taoyuan /fɑp̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fat̚³/
Nanning /fat̚³³/
Hong Kong /fat̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /huat̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huɑʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xua²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /huak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /fak̚⁵/
Rime
Character 法
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 乏 (148)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 方乏切
Baxter pjop
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pɨɐp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/piɐp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puap̚/
Li
Rong 		/piɐp̚/
Wang
Li 		/pĭwɐp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/pi̯wɐp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fa
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		faat3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 法
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjop ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[p.k]ap/
English model, law

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 法
Reading # 1/1
No. 2867
Phonetic
component 		法
Rime
group 		盍
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		法
Old
Chinese 		/*pqab/
Notes 說文灋省文

Definitions

[edit]

法

  1. law; rule; regulation; statute
    法院  ―  fǎyuàn  ―  court of law
    立法  ―  lìfǎ  ―  to legislate
    犯法  ―  fànfǎ  ―  to break the law
    普通法  ―  pǔtōngfǎ  ―  common law
    著作權法／著作权法  ―  zhùzuòquánfǎ  ―  copyright law
  2. (literary) system; institution
  3. norm; standard; model; example
    法書／法书  ―  fǎshū  ―  model calligraphy
    語法／语法  ―  yǔfǎ  ―  grammar
  4. to imitate; to emulate
    效法  ―  xiàofǎ  ―  to imitate
    師法／师法  ―  shīfǎ  ―  to imitate
  5. method; way; solution
    歸納法／归纳法  ―  guīnàfǎ  ―  inductive reasoning
    有法 [Hokkien]  ―  ū hoat [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to be able to; can; to have a way to do something
  6. (Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha
    法輪／法轮  ―  fǎlún  ―  dharmachakra
    末法時期／末法时期  ―  mò fǎ shíqī  ―  Dharma-ending age
  7. magic; magic arts; sorcery; witchcraft
    施法  ―  shīfǎ  ―  to cast a spell
  8. such a way (used after a predicate modified by adverbs meaning "how" or "like so")
    而家噉搞法我都唔知點算好。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    而家噉搞法我都唔知点算好。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ji4 gaa1 gam2 gaau2 faat3 ngo5 dou1 m4 zi1 dim2 syun3 hou2. [Jyutping]
    I don't know what to do with this kind of cooking.
    哪能讀法？ [Shanghainese, trad.]
    哪能读法？ [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6na-nen6 8doq-faq7 [Wugniu]
    How do you read this?
  9. (Shanghainese) very
    哪能好法 [Shanghainese]  ―  6na-nen6 5hau-faq7 [Wugniu]  ―  incredibly good
  10. 40th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "law" (𝌭)
  11. a surname
Usage notes
[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (法):
  • → Japanese: 法(ほう) (hō)
  • → Korean: 법(法) (beop)
  • → Vietnamese: pháp (法)

Others:

  • → Proto-Tai
    • Lao: ແບບ (bǣp, “form; model, standard, example; method; style, manner; brand, type”)
    • Thai: แบบ (bɛ̀ɛp, “kind; design, pattern; style; type; model”)
    • → Khmer: បែប (baep, “kind, sort, model, type; style, form, shape; aspect; method, way, situation, condition”)
  • → Vietnamese: phép (“rule, custom, usage, method; permission, authorisation; magical power”)
  • → Manchu: ᡶᠠᡶᡠᠨ (fafun, “law; rule; punishment”)

Etymology 2

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • huab4 - Chaozhou;
  • huag4 - Shantou.

    Definitions

    [edit]

    法

    1. short for 法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī, “France”)
      法語／法语  ―  fǎyǔ  ―  French language
      法棍  ―  fǎgùn  ―  French stick
    Usage notes
    [edit]
    Synonyms
    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    法

    1. short for 法拉 (fǎlā, “farad”)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 4

    [edit]

    From English fuck, or clipping of 法克.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    法

    1. (Internet slang) to fuck; to engage in sexual intercourse
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 肏 (“to fuck; to have sex with”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 肏1, 日, 弄
    Taiwan 幹, 肏1
    Harbin 肏1
    Shenyang 肏1
    Malaysia 幹
    Singapore 幹
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 肏1
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 肏1
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 日, 尻
    Wanrong 日
    Xi'an 窄, 失, 窄屄, 失屄
    Xining 日
    Xuzhou 日, 尻, 操, 肏1
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 日
    Lanzhou 日
    Ürümqi 日
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 日
    Wuhan 日, 搞
    Guiyang 日, 肏1
    Kunming 日
    Guilin 屌, 肏1
    Liuzhou 屌, 肏1
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 日, 操
    Yangzhou 入
    Hefei 弄
    Cantonese Guangzhou 屌
    Hong Kong 屌
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 屌
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 屌
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 屌
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 屌
    Macau 屌
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 屌
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 屌
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 屌
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 屌
    Foshan 屌
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 屌
    Foshan (Shunde) 屌
    Foshan (Sanshui) 屌
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 屌
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屌
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 屌
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 屌
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 屌
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 屌
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 屌
    Taishan 屌
    Kaiping (Chikan) 屌
    Enping (Niujiang) 屌
    Heshan (Yayao) 屌
    Dongguan 屌
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 屌
    Qingyuan 屌
    Fogang 屌
    Yingde (Hanguang) 屌
    Yangshan 屌
    Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) 屌
    Shaoguan 屌
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 屌
    Renhua 屌
    Lechang 屌
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 屌
    Sihui 屌
    Guangning 屌
    Deqing 屌
    Huaiji 屌
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 屌
    Yunfu 屌
    Xinxing 屌
    Luoding 屌
    Yunan (Pingtai) 屌
    Yangjiang 屌
    Xinyi 屌
    Lianjiang 屌
    Beihai 屌
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 屌
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 屌
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 屌
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屌
    Penang (Guangfu) 屌
    Singapore (Guangfu) 屌
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 屌
    Móng Cái 屌
    Gan Nanchang 戳
    Lichuan 戳
    Pingxiang 戳
    Hakka Meixian 屌
    Xingning 屌
    Dabu (Xihe) 屌
    Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 屌
    Huidong (Daling) 屌
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 屌
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 屌
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 屌
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 屌
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 屌
    Wengyuan 屌
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 屌
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 屌
    Liannan 屌
    Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 屌
    Jiexi 屌
    Changting 屌
    Wuping 屌
    Wuping (Yanqian) 屌
    Wuping (Pingyu) 屌
    Liancheng 屌
    Ninghua 屌
    Yudu 屌, 戳
    Ningdu 屌
    Ruijin 屌
    Shicheng 屌
    Shangyou (Shexi) 屌
    Tonggu (Sandu) 屌, 戳
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 屌
    Dayu 屌
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屌
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 屌
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 屌
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 屌
    Hong Kong 屌
    Yangxi (Tangkou) 屌
    Yangchun (Sanjia) 屌
    Xinyi (Sihe) 屌
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 屌
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 屌
    Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 屌
    Huazhou (Xin'an) 屌
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 屌
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 屌
    Mengshan (Xihe) 屌
    Luchuan 屌
    Sabah (Longchuan) 屌
    Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) 屌
    Kuching (Hepo) 屌
    Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 屌
    Singkawang 屌
    Pontianak (Meixian) 屌
    Jin Taiyuan 透, 肏1, 日
    Xinzhou 透, 日
    Linhe 透
    Jining 透
    Hohhot 透
    Baotou 透
    Northern Min Jian'ou 饁
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 𠚺
    Fuzhou (Changle) 𠚺
    Lianjiang (Tailu) 𠚺
    Fuqing 𠚺
    Gutian 𠚺
    Fu'an 操
    Ningde 操
    Shouning 戳
    Zhouning 戳
    Fuding 操
    Southern Min Xiamen 姦
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 箍
    Quanzhou 使, 獛
    Jinjiang 使
    Nan'an 使
    Hui'an 使
    Anxi 使
    Yongchun 使
    Dehua 使
    Zhangzhou 姦, 躄
    Taipei 姦
    Kaohsiung 姦
    Yilan 姦
    Taichung 姦
    Tainan 姦
    Taitung 姦
    Penang (Hokkien) 姦
    Singapore (Hokkien) 姦, 使
    Manila (Hokkien) 使
    Chaozhou 甫
    Shantou 甫
    Shantou (Chenghai) 甫
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 甫
    Jieyang 甫
    Lufeng 甫
    Haifeng 甫
    Bangkok (Teochew) 甫
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 甫
    Singapore (Teochew) 甫
    Pontianak (Teochew) 甫
    Leizhou 肏4
    Wenchang 肏4
    Haikou 肏4
    Puxian Min Putian 騷
    Xianyou 騷
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 屌
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屌
    Wu Shanghai 戳
    Shanghai (Chongming) 戳
    Suzhou 戳
    Haining (Yanguan) 戳
    Danyang 肏5
    Ningbo 嬉
    Wenzhou 裝
    Jinhua 弄, 入
    Xiang Changsha 肏3
    Loudi 肏3
    Shuangfeng 肏3

    References

    [edit]
    • “法”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
    • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “法”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 61.

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    法

    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. method
    2. law, rule
    3. principle
    4. model
    5. system

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    Kanji in this term
    法
    ほう
    Grade: 4
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pjop). Originally, the kan'on was はふ (fafu), and the goon was ほふ (fofu), although both became ほう (hō) in modern Japanese. It is suggested that the kan'on was used in the general senses, while the goon was used in Buddhist contexts.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    法(ほう) • (hō) ←はふ (fafu)?

    1. principle
    2. law
    3. code of law
    4. method
    5. etiquette
    6. (Buddhism) dharma
    7. (grammar) mood
    8. (mathematics) divisor
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    法
    のり
    Grade: 4
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 法 – see the following entry.
    【のり】
    [noun] rule, regulation, law
    [noun] norm, standard
    [noun] measure, scale, ruler (measuring device)
    [noun] measure, scale, size
    Alternative spellings
    規, 則, 矩
    (This term, 法, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    法
    ふらん
    Grade: 4
    irregular

    From French franc.[1][3]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    法(フラン) • (furan) 

    1. alternative spelling of フラン

    References

    [edit]
    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
    3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pjop).

    Historical readings

    Hanja

    [edit]

    法 (eumhun 법(法) 법 (beop beop))

    1. hanja form? of 법 (“law”)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    法: Hán Việt readings: pháp[1][2][3][4][5][6]
    法: Nôm readings: pháp[1][2][3], phép[1][2][3], phấp[1][2][3], phăm[3], phắp[3], bắp[1], mép[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of pháp (“law, method, standard”)
    2. chữ Hán form of Pháp (“France, French”)
    3. chữ Nôm form of phép (“custom, permission”)

    Derived terms

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Trần (1999).
    5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
    6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=法&oldid=92737478"