都

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都 U+90FD, 都
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-90FD
← 郼
[U+90FC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 郾 →
[U+90FE]

都 U+FA26, 都
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA26
← 逸
[U+FA25] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 﨧 →
[U+FA27]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Alternative forms

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Note that there are two Unicode z-variants, with code points U+90FD and U+FA26 (the latter is a compatibility variant and contains an extra dot below 耂 in 者).

Han character

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都 (Kangxi radical 163, 邑+8 in Chinese, 邑+9 in Japanese, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十日弓中 (JANL), four-corner 47627, composition ⿰者阝)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1274, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39497
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1773, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3776, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+90FD

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 都
alternative forms 𨜞
𨛷

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 都
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (者) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
觰 *rtaːʔ, *rtaː
諸 *tjaː, *tja
者 *tjaːʔ
堵 *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ
赭 *tjaːʔ
撦 *l̥ʰjaːʔ
扯 *tʰjaːʔ
闍 *djaː, *taː
奢 *hljaː
鍺 *toːlʔ
都 *taː
醏 *taː
覩 *taːʔ
睹 *taːʔ
暏 *taːʔ
賭 *taːʔ
帾 *taːʔ
楮 *taːʔ, *tʰaʔ
屠 *daː, *da
瘏 *daː
廜 *daː
鷵 *daː
緒 *ljaʔ
豬 *ta
猪 *ta
瀦 *ta
藸 *ta, *da
櫫 *ta
褚 *taʔ, *tʰaʔ
著 *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ
箸 *tas, *das
儲 *da
躇 *da
櫧 *tja
藷 *tja, *djas
蠩 *tja
煮 *tjaʔ
渚 *tjaʔ
煑 *tjaʔ
陼 *tjaʔ
翥 *tjas
署 *djas
薯 *djas
曙 *djas
書 *hlja
暑 *hjaʔ
鐯 *taɡ
擆 *taɡ
櫡 *taɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taː) : phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) + semantic 邑 (“town, city”).

Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 都
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 當孤切
Baxter tu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/to/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tɔ/
Li
Rong 		/to/
Wang
Li 		/tu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/tuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dou1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 都
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tu ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁa/
English capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 都
Reading # 1/1
No. 16968
Phonetic
component 		者
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		都
Old
Chinese 		/*taː/

Definitions

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都

  1. metropolis; large city
    都市  ―  dūshì  ―  metropolis; major city
  2. capital; capital city
    都城  ―  dūchéng  ―  capital
  3. (literary) to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital
  4. (obsolete) graceful; elegant
  5. a surname. Du
Synonyms
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  • (metropolis):
edit

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (都):
  • → Japanese: 都(と) (to)
  • → Korean: 도(都) (do)
  • → Vietnamese: đô (都)

Etymology 2

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Colloquial form of 諸 (OC *tja, “all”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: dū - only used in certain fossilized expressions, e.g. 大都.
Note: du1 - "also" in some overseas and Hong Kong speakers.
Note: du2 - “also”.

Definitions

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都

  1. all; both (used to indicate that the statement is true for every subject or object); or the entirety of something
    我都知道了。  ―  Wǒ dōu zhīdào le.  ―  I know everything. [ambiguous; may also mean “Even I know”.]
    他比任何人都好。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Tā bǐ rènhé rén dōu hǎo. [Pinyin]
    He is better than anyone else.
    這裡的人我都認識。 [MSC, trad.]
    这里的人我都认识。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhèlǐ de rén wǒ dōu rènshí. [Pinyin]
    I know everyone here.
    現在在超市什麼都買得到。 [MSC, trad.]
    现在在超市什么都买得到。 [MSC, simp.]
    Xiànzài zài chāoshì shénme dōu mǎi de dào. [Pinyin]
    These days everything can be bought from a supermarket.
    他什麼電影都不看。 [MSC, trad.]
    他什么电影都不看。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā shénme diànyǐng dōu bù kàn. [Pinyin]
    He doesn't watch any movies.
    我真羨慕他，在哪裡都能睡得著。 [MSC, trad.]
    我真羡慕他，在哪里都能睡得着。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zhēn xiànmù tā, zài nǎlǐ dōu néng shuìdezháo. [Pinyin]
    I really envy him; he can sleep wherever he is.
    大都  ―  dàdōu  ―  generally
    吹到成牆都係 [Cantonese, trad.]
    吹到成墙都系 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ceoi1 dou3 sing4 coeng4 dou1 hai6 [Jyutping]
    blown by the wind until it has covered the entire wall
  2. (emphasis on subject) even
    我都不知道，你是怎麼知道的？ [MSC, trad.]
    我都不知道，你是怎么知道的？ [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ dōu bù zhīdào, nǐ shì zěnme zhīdào de? [Pinyin]
    How come you know it when even I don't know?
  3. (emphasis on object) even, interchangeable with 也 (yě)
    我身上一分錢都沒有。 [MSC, trad.]
    我身上一分钱都没有。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ shēnshàng yī fēn qián dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
    I don't even have a single cent.
    我給她打了四個電話，她一個都沒接。 [MSC, trad.]
    我给她打了四个电话，她一个都没接。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ gěi tā dǎ le sì ge diànhuà, tā yīge dōu méi jiē. [Pinyin]
    I called her four times, but she answered none of them.
    1. (emphasis) Used in the 連……都…… structure; interchangeable with 也 (yě); even
      他連畜生都不如，連自己的父母都不養活。 [MSC, trad.]
      他连畜生都不如，连自己的父母都不养活。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā lián chùsheng dōu bùrú, lián zìjǐ de fùmǔ dōu bù yǎnghuo. [Pinyin]
      He is no better than an animal, because he doesn't even support his own parents.
  4. (emphasis on verb, in the negative) at all
    睇都未睇過／睇都未睇过  ―  dì dōu wèi dì guò  ―  have not seen a single second of it; have not seen it at all
  5. already
    都四點了。／都四点了。  ―  Dōu sì diǎn le.  ―  It is already 4 o'clock.
    都這麼晚了嗎？／都这么晚了吗？  ―  Dōu zhème wǎn le ma?  ―  Is it that late already?
  6. (Cantonese) as well; also; too
    我都好好。 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 dou1 hou2 hou2. [Jyutping]  ―  I'm fine too.
  7. (Cantonese) still; anyways; nevertheless
Usage notes
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  • When negating 都, the placement of 不 (bù) is important.
不都: not all, not everyone.
都不: none, no one
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 都 (“all; both”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 皆, 均, 俱
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 都, 全, 皆, 均, 俱
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 都, 全
Taiwan 都
Malaysia 都
Singapore 都
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 都, 全
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 都
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 都, 下
Wuhan 都, 下
Guilin 都
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 都, 全
Hefei 都
Cantonese Guangzhou 都
Hong Kong 都
Yangjiang 都
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 都
Singapore (Guangfu) 都
Gan Nanchang 都
Hakka Meixian 都
Wuhua (Meilin) 都
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 都
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 都
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 都
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 都
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 都
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 攏
Jin Taiyuan 都, 全
Northern Min Jian'ou 都
Eastern Min Fuzhou 都
Southern Min Xiamen 攏, 計, 計計
Xiamen (Tong'an) 攏
Quanzhou 攏, 計, 計計
Zhangzhou 攏, 計, 計計
Zhao'an 攏
Dongshan 攏
Tainan 攏
Penang (Hokkien) 到了
Singapore (Hokkien) 攏, 攏總, 計
Manila (Hokkien) 攏, 攏總
Chaozhou 攏
Shantou 攏
Jieyang 攏
Singapore (Teochew) 攏
Wenchang 都
Qionghai 攏
Singapore (Hainanese) 攏
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 都
Wu Shanghai 儕, 禿 obsolete
Shanghai (Songjiang) 儕
Shanghai (Chongming) 儕, 孩
Suzhou 儕
Wuxi 儕
Nantong (Haimen) 儕, 孩, 純, 恆, 禿
Tongxiang 儕
Ningbo 和
Wenzhou 沃
Lishui 都
Qingyuan 都
Xiang Changsha 下, 都
Shuangfeng 下
Dialectal synonyms of 也 (“also, too”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 亦
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 也
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 也
Taiwan 也
Malaysia 也
Singapore 也
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 也
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 也
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 也
Wuhan 也
Guilin 也
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 也
Hefei 也
Cantonese Guangzhou 都, 亦
Hong Kong 都, 亦, 亦都
Macau 都, 亦 formal
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 都, 也
Taishan 亦
Kaiping (Chikan) 亦, 都, 亦都
Yangjiang 也
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 都
Singapore (Guangfu) 都, 亦都
Gan Nanchang 也
Hakka Meixian 也
Wuhua (Meilin) 也
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 乜
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 乜, 也
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 乜
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 乜
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 乜
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 嘛
Kuching (Hepo) 呠
Huizhou Jixi 也
Jin Taiyuan 也
Northern Min Jian'ou 也
Eastern Min Fuzhou 也
Southern Min Xiamen 也, 嘛
Quanzhou 也, 嘛
Zhangzhou 也, 嘛
Taipei 也, 嘛
Penang (Hokkien) 呠
Singapore (Hokkien) 也, 呠, 嘛
Manila (Hokkien) 也, 嘛, 閣
Chaozhou 也
Shantou 也
Jieyang 也
Singapore (Teochew) 呠, 也, 嘛
Pontianak (Teochew) 也
Wenchang 也
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 都
Wu Shanghai 也
Suzhou 亦
Wenzhou 也
Xiang Changsha 也
Shuangfeng 也

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 都 – see 嘟 (“to pout; to pucker up; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 嘟).
Notes:

Japanese

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Shinjitai 都
Kyūjitai
[1]
都
&#xFA26;
or
都+&#xFE00;?
都󠄀
都+&#xE0100;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
都󠄃
都+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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都

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 都)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
都
みやこ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
都 (kyūjitai)
京
京都
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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

⟨mi1yako1⟩ → */mʲijakʷo/ → /mijako/

From Old Japanese, a compound of 宮(みや) (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処(こ) (ko, “place”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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都(みやこ) • (miyako) 

  1. (archaic) the place of residence of the emperor
  2. (by extension) a capital city
  3. (by extension) a capital (most important city in the field specified)
  4. (shogi, colloquial) Short for 都詰め (miyakozume): moving the 王将 (ōshō)/玉将 (gyokushō, “king”) to the center of the board with other pieces close together
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Proverbs
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Descendants
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Proper noun

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都(みやこ) • (Miyako) 

  1. a placename
  2. a surname
  3. a female given name

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
都
と
Grade: 3
kan'on
Alternative spelling
都 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 都 (MC tu).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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都(と) • (to) 

  1. a capital city
  2. a city, metropolis
  3. Short for 東京都 (Tōkyō-to): the capital prefecture of Tokyo
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Affix

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都(と) • (to) 

  1. city, metropolis
  2. capital city
  3. elegant, graceful, refined
  4. gather, command

Counter

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都(と) • (-to) 

  1. counter for metropolis prefectures

Usage notes

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Derived terms

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Derived terms

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
都
つ
Grade: 3
goon
Alternative spelling
都 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 都 (MC tu).

Affix

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都(つ) • (tsu) 

  1. all, both, everyone, whole
Derived terms
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ “都”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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都 (eumhun 도읍 도 (do'eup do))

  1. hanja form? of 도 (“capital city”)
  2. hanja form? of 도 (“all, the whole”)
  3. hanja form? of 도 (“elegant, refined”)

Compounds

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Okinawan

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Kanji

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都

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 都)

Readings

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Compounds

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Old Japanese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Originally a compound of 宮 (mi1ya, “palace”) and an uncertain こ (ko1) referring to a place.

  • The ko is possibly 処 (ko2, affix indicating location), according to most dictionaries. However, poems in the Man'yōshū attest overwhelming phonetic usage of ⟨ko1⟩ instead of ⟨ko2⟩. There has likely been a vowel assimilation; it accounts for a form of this affix く (ku, place) (e.g. いづく (iduku, “where”)) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?).
  • Alternatively, the ko might be from 子 (-ko1, diminutive suffix), as some Man'yōshū poems use the 宮子 reading.

Noun

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都 (mi1yako1) (kana みやこ)

  1. the place of residence of the emperor, especially a temporary lodging in which the emperor stays during an imperial visit
  2. (by extension) a capital city

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Japanese: 都 (miyako)

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

都: Hán Nôm readings: đô

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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