-to
Afar
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tó
- Form of -ytó used after nouns ending in consonants.
Declension
[edit]| Declension of -tó | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| absolutive | -tó | ||||||||||
| predicative | -tó | ||||||||||
| subjective | -tó | ||||||||||
| genitive | -tó | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
References
[edit]- E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
Basque
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Unknown. The suffix may be perserved in Latin Nescato, which was perhaps borrowed from Aquitanian.[1]
Suffix
[edit]-to
- Diminutive suffix.
- (rare, no longer productive) Augmentative suffix.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Unknown.[2]
Suffix
[edit]-to
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ R. L. Trask (2008), “-to [1]”, in Max W. Wheeler, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex, page 348
- ^ R. L. Trask (2008), “-to [2]”, in Max W. Wheeler, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex, page 348
Further reading
[edit]- “-to” in Labayru Hiztegia
Chuukese
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-to
- here; used to modify verb direction
Ingrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Russian -то (-to).
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]-to
- Used to give contrastive emphasis to a preceding word.
- Miä veel en tohi viinaa ostaa, miul-to ono vaa viistoist vootta!
- I'm not allowed to buy alcohol yet, I am still fifteen years old, after all!
References
[edit]- Elena Markus (2022), “Diskursusepartiklid isuri keele Soikkola murdes”, in Keel ja kirjandus, page 86
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]-to
Kalo Finnish Romani
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-to
- Used to form ordinal numbers.
Usage notes
[edit]The first two ordinal numbers have irregular forms in addition to the regular forms, iekto and duito: vaaguno and vauro. The third and fourth are somewhat irregular: tritto and startto instead of the expected *triinto and *staarto.
Latin
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Likely originally denominatives in -ō formed from the past participle.
Suffix
[edit]-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation
- Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action.[1] For examples, see here.
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.
- Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
- 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
- Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion; see -tus for more information.
This suffix is not used for first conjugation verbs, the variant -itō appears there instead.
Conjugation
[edit]1The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-tō (plural -tōte)
- second/third-person person singular future active imperative ending
Etymology 3
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
[edit]-tō
References
[edit]- ^ B. L. Gildersleeve and Gonzalez Lodge (1895), Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, §191 A.
Taos
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Postposition
[edit]-to
Related terms
[edit]Ye'kwana
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -cho (allomorph after i)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-to
- Forms the plural of nonpast tenses.
- Forms the plural of the recent past tense. (When used alone, forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.)
- Forms the plural of the distant past tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is third-person.
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix can cause syllable reduction.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-to
- Allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.
References
[edit]- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “⸗to”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, pages 124, 213–222
- Afar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afar non-lemma forms
- Afar suffix forms
- Basque terms with unknown etymologies
- Basque lemmas
- Basque suffixes
- Basque terms with rare senses
- Biscayan Basque
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- chk:Directions
- Ingrian terms borrowed from Russian
- Ingrian terms derived from Russian
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian particles
- Ingrian terms with usage examples
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Kalo Finnish Romani lemmas
- Kalo Finnish Romani suffixes
- Latin terms suffixed with -o (denominative)
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin verb-forming suffixes
- Latin inflectional suffixes
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin suffix forms
- Taos terms with IPA pronunciation
- Taos lemmas
- Taos postpositions
- Ye'kwana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ye'kwana lemmas
- Ye'kwana suffixes