-tor
Albanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Derived from Vulgar Latin -torius, -torium.
Suffix
[edit]-tor m (indefinite plural -torë, definite singular -tori, feminine equivalent -tore)
Derived terms
[edit]Aromanian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Vulgar Latin -torius, -torium, and feminine -toari, toare from Vulgar Latin -toria, -toriam, both from Latin -tor. Ultimately from Proto-Italic *-tōr, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr < *-tor-s.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tor (plural -tori, feminine -toari/-toare)
- -er (used to form nouns from verbs)
Greenlandic
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tor (v-v?, additive?, VTV → VsV?)
- [verb]s bit by bit, continuously
Derived terms
[edit]Latin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -sor (in forms derived from primarily third conjugation verbs with stems ending in -t-, -d-, -rg-, -ll-, or -rr-.)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Italic *-tōr, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr < *-tor-s. The -ō- from the nominative singular form was extended to all other forms by analogy; then word-final -ōr was shortened to -or by regular Latin sound laws, producing the Classical Latin paradigm with short -o- in the nominative singular and long -ō- elsewhere.[1] Cognate to Sanskrit -तृ (-tṛ) (nominative singular -ता m sg (-tā)) and Ancient Greek -τωρ (-tōr), as well as -τήρ (-tḗr) from a separate ablaut *-tḗr. Compare Latin -trum (instrumental suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *-tr-o-m (instrumental suffix).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [tɔr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [t̪or]
Suffix
[edit]-tor m (genitive -tōris, feminine -trīx); third declension
- -er; used to form masculine agent nouns from verbs
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.
- Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
- 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
- Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion; see -tus for more information.
The corresponding feminine suffix is -trīx: e.g. cantor (“male singer”) is paired with cantrīx (“female singer”), from canō (“I sing”). As with other Latin nouns for people, the masculine is traditionally used generically (for example, in general statements or in contexts where gender is unspecified) as well as for males. Masculine and feminine agent nouns are sometimes used appositively, or as adjectives, and can be used in this context even with inanimate nouns (in which case they agree with the grammatical gender of the noun).
The suffix -tor is occasionally added to a noun to create an agent noun, often in the extended form -ātor, as if from a first-conjugation verb.
- Examples:
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tor | -tōrēs |
| genitive | -tōris | -tōrum |
| dative | -tōrī | -tōribus |
| accusative | -tōrem | -tōrēs |
| ablative | -tōre | -tōribus |
| vocative | -tor | -tōrēs |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Aromanian: -tor
- Asturian: -dor
- Catalan: -dor
- Dutch: -er
- Franco-Provençal: -or
- Friulian: -dôr
- German: -or
- Piedmontese: -ào
- Ligurian: -àu, òu
- Lombard: -or, -dor
- Irish: -tóir, -adóir
- Italian: -tore, -ore
- Occitan: -dor
- Old French: -or
- Old Galician-Portuguese: -dor
- Old Spanish:
- Spanish: -dor
- Romanian: -tor
- Sardinian: -dore
- Sicilian: -turi
- Venetan: -dor
References
[edit]- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 293
Romanian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Latin -tor (through a Vulgar Latin form *-torius, and feminine -toare from *-toria). With some neologisms based on French -teur. Ultimately from Proto-Italic *-tōr, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr < *-tor-s.
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tor m or n (feminine singular -toare, masculine plural -tori, feminine/neuter plural -toare)
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | |||
| nominative- accusative |
indefinite | -tor | -toare | -tori | -toare | |||
| definite | -torul | -toarea | -torii | -toarele | ||||
| genitive- dative |
indefinite | -tor | -toare | -tori | -toare | |||
| definite | -torului | -toarei | -torilor | -toarelor | ||||
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tor m or n (feminine singular -toare, masculine plural -tori, feminine/neuter plural -toare)
- -ing (used to form adjectives from verbs)
- uimitor ― amazing
- strălucitor ― shining
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | |||
| nominative- accusative |
indefinite | -tor | -toare | -tori | -toare | |||
| definite | -torul | -toarea | -torii | -toarele | ||||
| genitive- dative |
indefinite | -tor | -toare | -tori | -toare | |||
| definite | -torului | -toarei | -torilor | -toarelor | ||||
See also
[edit]- Albanian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Albanian lemmas
- Albanian suffixes
- Albanian masculine suffixes
- Aromanian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Aromanian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Aromanian terms derived from Latin
- Aromanian terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Aromanian terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Aromanian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Aromanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Aromanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Aromanian lemmas
- Aromanian suffixes
- Greenlandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greenlandic lemmas
- Greenlandic suffixes
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin third declension suffixes
- Latin masculine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin masculine suffixes
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian terms inherited from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Romanian terms derived from French
- Romanian terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Romanian terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Romanian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian suffixes
- Romanian adjective-forming suffixes
- Romanian noun-forming suffixes
- Romanian masculine suffixes
- Romanian neuter suffixes
- Romanian suffixes with multiple genders
- Romanian terms with usage examples