-er
English[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (UK) IPA(key): /ə/
- (US) enPR: ər, IPA(key): /ɚ/
- Rhymes: -ə, -ə(ɹ)
- Homophones: -or, -a (in non-rhotic accents)
Etymology 1[edit]
Inherited from Middle English -ere, -er, from Middle English -ere, from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -er, West Frisian -er, West Frisian -er, German Low German -er, German -er, Danish -er, Swedish -are, Icelandic -ari.
Compare the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr.
Alternative forms[edit]
- -'er (following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number)
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to verbs) A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.
- (added to verbs, informal) A person or thing to which the root verb can satisfactorily be done.
- (added to a noun denoting an occupation) A person whose occupation is (the noun).
- (added to a number, measurement or noun denoting a quantified set) A name for a person or thing that is based on a number (with or without a noun).
- six + -er → sixer
- six foot + -er → six-footer
- three-wheel + -er → three-wheeler
- first grade + -er → first grader
- (slang, chiefly entertainment, with few limitations) Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms.
- (informal, added to a noun) One who enjoys.
- Tooners lined up for tickets to Toy Story.
- (added to nouns) Person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, opinion, or belief.
Usage notes[edit]
- The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in passerby and runner-up) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component (do-gooder) or is added to both components for humorous effect (washer-upper).
- The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er.
Derived terms[edit]
Translations[edit]
The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.
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See also[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle English -ere, from Old English -ware (suffix denoting residency or meaning "inhabitant of"), from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“defender, inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, cover, protect, save, defend”).
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to a proper noun) Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym.
- New York + -er → New Yorker
- London + -er → Londoner
- Dublin + -er → Dubliner
- New England + -er → New Englander
- Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
Derived terms[edit]
Translations[edit]
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Etymology 3[edit]
From Middle English -re, -er, from Old English -ru (plural suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-izō (plural suffix). Cognate with Dutch -er (plural ending), German -er (plural ending). See also -ren.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (obsolete, no longer productive) Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
From Middle English -er, representing various noun-suffixes in Old French and Anglo-Norman, variously -er, -ier and -ieur, from Latin -aris, -arius, -atorium.
Suffix[edit]
-er
See also[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
From Middle English -ere, from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 6, below); related to superlative -est.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to certain adjectives and adverbs, now especially short ones) More; used to form the comparative.
Usage notes[edit]
- (more; used to form the comparative): Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix -est.
- Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.
- easy → easier → easiest; gray → grayer → grayest
- When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.
- dim → dimmer → dimmest
- The suffixes -er and -est may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.
- hot → hotter → hottest; fast → faster → fastest; funny → funnier → funniest; sugary → sugarier → sugariest
- Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:
- good → better → best; far → farther → farthest, or far → further → furthest, depending on the meaning
- The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with more and most.
- rigid → more rigid → most rigid; enormous → more enormous → most enormous; burnt → more burnt → most burnt; freezing → more freezing → most freezing
- If in doubt, use more to form the comparative and most to form the superlative; for example, thirsty may become thirstier and thirstiest, but more thirsty and most thirsty are also acceptable.
- Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.
- Words ending with -ng are pronounced /ŋ/ by most dialects instead of /ŋɡ/. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the /ɡ/ appears (in most dialects).
- long (/lɒŋ/) → longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/); young (/jʌŋ/) → youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/)
Translations[edit]
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Etymology 6[edit]
From Middle English -er, from Old English -or, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōʀ, Proto-Germanic *-ōz.
Suffix[edit]
-er
Translations[edit]
Etymology 7[edit]
From Middle English -eren, -ren, -rien, from Old English -erian, -rian, from Proto-West Germanic *-rōn, *-iʀōn, from Proto-Germanic *-rōną or *-izōną. Cognate with West Frisian -erje, Dutch -eren, German -eren, -ern, Danish -re, Swedish -ra.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to a verb or imitative sound) Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs.
Synonyms[edit]
- (used to form frequentative): -le
Translations[edit]
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See also[edit]
Frequentative on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Etymology 8[edit]
From Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to a verb) Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs, especially in legal terms.
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 9[edit]
From Middle English -er, -ere (diminutive suffix). Compare -el.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to a verb or noun) Used to form diminutives.
Etymology 10[edit]
Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.
Suffix[edit]
-er
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
Translations[edit]
Etymology 11[edit]
From Middle English -er, from Old English -er, -or, from Proto-Germanic *-raz. Compare -le.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (now chiefly dialectal) A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action:
Synonyms[edit]
Etymology 12[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (fiction) Junior, child, younger person. (Attached to a name, usually a portion of the given name.) (Can we add an example for this sense?)
Usage notes[edit]
In Chinese-language fiction translated into English, to add a Chinese flavour (Mandarin language), some translators leave the term "-er" untranslated, left in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to not translating "-kun" / "-chan" / "-san" or "sensei" in English-language Japanese fiction.
Coordinate terms[edit]
- -chan (similar suffix extracted from Japanese into English, when used in English-translated Japanese fiction)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- -er at OneLook Dictionary Search
- Douglas Harper (2001–2022), “-er”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
Anagrams[edit]
Afrikaans[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Audio (file)
Suffix[edit]
-er
Bavarian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle High German -er, from Old High German -ari, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī. Cognates include German -er and Luxembourgish -er.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
Derived terms[edit]
Breton[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- person or thing that (does the action indicated by the root); used to form an agent noun.
Derived terms[edit]
Catalan[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet -ari.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er m (plural -ers)
- Used to form nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found.
- Used to form nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something.
- Used to form nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose.
- tovallola (“towel”) + -er → tovalloler (“towel rail”)
Usage notes[edit]
The equivalent suffix -era can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan.
Suffix[edit]
-er (feminine -era, masculine plural -ers, feminine plural -eres)
- Used to form nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere.
- Used to form nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession.
- Used to form nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic.
- Used to form relational adjectives.
- llet (“milk”) + -er → lleter (“milk [relational adjective], dairy”)
- pel·lícula (“film”) + -er → pel·liculer (“film [relational adjective], filmic, cinematic”)
Usage notes[edit]
Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form.
See also[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Chuukese[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
Related terms[edit]
Small objects, concepts | Large objects, living things | Suffix | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First person | ai | nei | -ei |
Second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
Third person | an | noun | -an | |
Plural | First person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) |
nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) |
-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
Second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
Third person | ar | nour | -er |
Danish[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms agent nouns from verbs, with the sense "someone or something that [verb]s".
- Forms plural forms of many nouns.
- Forms the present tense of many verbs.
- Forms demonyms.
- Forms informal action nouns from verbs.
- (especially definite) Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision.
- Forms a piece of currency from numbers.
- Forms a die throw result from numbers.
- Du skal slå mindst en treer for at komme videre.
- You must throw at least a three to move on.
Usage notes[edit]
Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from løbe (“run”) [ˈløːb̥ə] comes løber (“runs”) [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and løber (“runner”) [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by stød.
Derived terms[edit]
Dutch[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, borrowed from Latin -ārius. Cognate with Dutch -aar.[1]
Suffix[edit]
-er m (plural -ers, feminine -ster)
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
- Forms nouns for a person associated with something.
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Afrikaans: -er
Etymology 2[edit]
From Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place.
- Een Amsterdammer
- A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam
- Synonym: -aar
- Een Amsterdammer
- Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place.
- Het Groninger museum
- The museum of Groningen
- Synonym: -s
- Het Groninger museum
Antonyms[edit]
- (male inhabitant): -se (“female inhabitant”)
Etymology 3[edit]
From Old Dutch -iro, -oro, from Proto-Germanic *-izô, *-ōzô.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms the comparative form of adjectives.
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
French[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Mainly from Latin -āre; however, the descendants of some Latin -ēre verbs also became -er verbs in French.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs
Usage notes[edit]
- Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix.
Conjugation[edit]
infinitive | simple | -er | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | -ant /ɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | -é /e/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | -e /ə/ |
-es /ə/ |
-e /ə/ |
-ons /ɔ̃/ |
-ez /e/ |
-ent /ə/ |
imperfect | -ais /ɛ/ |
-ais /ɛ/ |
-ait /ɛ/ |
-ions /jɔ̃/ |
-iez /je/ |
-aient /ɛ/ | |
past historic2 | -ai /e/ |
-as /a/ |
-a /a/ |
-âmes /am/ |
-âtes /at/ |
-èrent /ɛʁ/ | |
future | -erai /ə.ʁe/ |
-eras /ə.ʁa/ |
-era /ə.ʁa/ |
-erons /ə.ʁɔ̃/ |
-erez /ə.ʁe/ |
-eront /ə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | -erais /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erais /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erait /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erions /ə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
-eriez /ə.ʁje/ |
-eraient /ə.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | -e /ə/ |
-es /ə/ |
-e /ə/ |
-ions /jɔ̃/ |
-iez /je/ |
-ent /ə/ |
imperfect2 | -asse /as/ |
-asses /as/ |
-ât /a/ |
-assions /a.sjɔ̃/ |
-assiez /a.sje/ |
-assent /as/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | -e /ə/ |
— | -ons /ɔ̃/ |
-ez /e/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Etymology 2[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er m (plural -ers)
- forms nouns indicating the person who exercises a particular activity
Derived terms[edit]
German[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.[1]
Suffix[edit]
-er m (strong, genitive -ers, plural -er)
- Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem.
- indicating something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits
Declension[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle High German -er, a plural ending for some neuter nouns.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Used to form the plurals of some nouns.
Usage notes[edit]
- The plural ending -er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in -tum) and a small number of masculines.
Etymology 3[edit]
From Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz.
Suffix[edit]
-er m (strong, genitive -ers, plural -er)
- Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place.
Declension[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
Probably originated from the prepositioned genitive plural, e.g.: der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the nominative singular due to the ambiguity of the definite article der since the masculine nominative singular and the genitive plural forms of the definite article are homophonous.[2][3]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with a genitival meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place.
Usage notes[edit]
- In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix -er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2006 (and also 2011, 2017, 2018)), e.g. ein Berliner Pfannkuchen. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ein berliner Pfannkuchen.[4]
- In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. Bad Schandau → Bad Schandauer or Bad-Schandauer.
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
From Middle High German -er.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms the comparative form of adjectives.
References[edit]
- ^ A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 175
- ^ Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1793), pages 1848-1852, sub verbo 4. -Er
- ^ Hermann Möller, Ahd. frôno (nhd. fron-) als elliptischer Plural, in the Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung, volume 4 (editor Friedrich Kluge; Straßburg, 1903), page 95
- ^ The current official spelling rules prescribe the capital letter without further explanation and without indicating the part of speech of the words formed with the suffix (compare -isch/-sch, derivatives of which are labelled adjectives in § 62).
Latin[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- first-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Luxembourgish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From a Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- -er (suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs)
Derived terms[edit]
Middle Dutch[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Dutch -iro, -oro, from Proto-Germanic *-izô, *-ōzô.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- -er. Forms the comparative of adjectives.
Alternative forms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
See Category:Middle Dutch adjective comparative forms.
Related terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Dutch: -er
Middle French[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- -ier (typically early Middle French)
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old French -ier, -er, from Latin -are.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs
Usage notes[edit]
- Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix
Descendants[edit]
- French: -ier
Etymology 2[edit]
From Old French -ier.
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms nouns, often denoting professions
- boucher
- butcher
Descendants[edit]
Norman[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Derived terms[edit]
Northern Kurdish[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something.
- bû (“to be”) + -er → bûyer (“event”)
- destpêkirin (“to start”) + -er → destpêker (“starter”)
Derived terms[edit]
Norwegian Bokmål[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Norse -ari, from Medieval Latin and Middle Low German words, both from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (added to verbs) person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb
- (added to place names) person or thing that originates in the place indicated by the place name
- (added to numbers) order, position, value or similar indicated by the numeral
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- “-er” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns.
- Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns.
- Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs.
- (obsolete) Used to form present tense for strong verbs.
Old English[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Alternative form of -or
Old French[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Alternative form of -ier, verbal suffix
Usage notes[edit]
- All varieties of Old French use -er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as c and g.
Etymology 2[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (chiefly Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of -ier, suffix indicating a profession
- falconer, fauconer
- falconer
Old Frisian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz, from Proto-Indo-European *ís. Cognates include Old High German er, Old Norse er and Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is).
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
-er
- enclitic nominative of hī
Descendants[edit]
Old Swedish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.- fisker
- fish
- dø̄ver
- deaf
Polish[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Internationalism; compare English -er.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er m
- -er, creates an agent noun
Declension[edit]
Animate:
Animal:
Inanimate:
Derived terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- -er in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- -er in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Portuguese -er, from Latin -ēre. The short -ere of some Latin verbs was reinterpreted as either -er or -ir.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (non-productive) forms the infinitive of the second-conjugation verbs
Conjugation[edit]
Notes:[edit] | ||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
Infinitive | ||||||
Impersonal | -er | |||||
Personal | -er | -eres | -er | -ermos | -erdes | -erem |
Gerund | ||||||
-endo | ||||||
Past participle | ||||||
Masculine | -ido | -idos | ||||
Feminine | -ida | -idas | ||||
Indicative | ||||||
Present | -o | -es | -e | -emos | -eis | -em |
Imperfect | -ia | -ias | -ia | -íamos | -íeis | -iam |
Preterite | -i | -este | -eu | -emos | -estes | -eram |
Pluperfect | -era | -eras | -era | -êramos | -êreis | -eram |
Future | -erei | -erás | -erá | -eremos | -ereis | -erão |
Conditional | ||||||
-eria | -erias | -eria | -eríamos | -eríeis | -eriam | |
Subjunctive | ||||||
Present | -a | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
Imperfect | -esse | -esses | -esse | -êssemos | -êsseis | -essem |
Future | -er | -eres | -er | -ermos | -erdes | -erem |
Imperative | ||||||
Affirmative | - | -e | -a | -amos | -ei | -am |
Negative (não) | - | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
Saterland Frisian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Old Frisian -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī. Cognates include West Frisian -er and German -er.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er
Declension[edit]
Scots[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle English -ere, from Old English -ere.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er (first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)
- the infinitive suffix for many verbs
Conjugation[edit]
infinitive | -er | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | -iendo | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | -ido | -ida | |||||
plural | -idos | -idas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | -o | -estú -ésvos |
-e | -emos | -éis | -en | |
imperfect | -ía | -ías | -ía | -íamos | -íais | -ían | |
preterite | -í | -iste | -ió | -imos | -isteis | -ieron | |
future | -eré | -erás | -erá | -eremos | -eréis | -erán | |
conditional | -ería | -erías | -ería | -eríamos | -eríais | -erían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | -a | -astú -ásvos2 |
-a | -amos | -áis | -an | |
imperfect (ra) |
-iera | -ieras | -iera | -iéramos | -ierais | -ieran | |
imperfect (se) |
-iese | -ieses | -iese | -iésemos | -ieseis | -iesen | |
future1 | -iere | -ieres | -iere | -iéremos | -iereis | -ieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | -etú -évos |
-a | -amos | -ed | -an | ||
negative | no -as | no -a | no -amos | no -áis | no -an |
See also[edit]
Swedish[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- One of two suffixes for indefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is -r
- Suffix for present tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs
- Agent noun suffix for loan words ending with -ik.
- matematik (“mathematics”) + -er → matematiker (“mathematician”)
- fysik (“physics”) + -er → fysiker (“physicist”)
See also[edit]
- plural suffix
- present tense suffix
- agent noun suffix
Anagrams[edit]
Turkish[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Ottoman Turkish ر (-r, -er), from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰼 (r² /-(e)r/). Negative -mez are from Proto-Turkic *-meŕ, from Proto-Turkic *-me + *-er or *-ür (Azerbaijani -ər (“indefinite future suffix”) — -məz, but -ir (“simple present suffix”) — -mir).
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Simple present and aorist tense marker
Usage notes[edit]
In the sense 1, the suffix can change to -ir. (almak → alır, but içmek → içer). There are some rules governing the usage of -er/ir, the former is used in case of monosyllabic stems, while the latter is used elsewhere; with the exceptions of 15 verbs below which uses -ir on the aorist (the source said that yenmek in the sense of "conquer" use the -ir aorist):[1]
- almak — alır
- bilmek — bilir
- bulmak — bulur
- denmek — denir
- durmak — durur
- gelmek — gelir
- görmek — görür
- kalmak — kalır
- olmak — olur
- ölmek — ölür
- sanmak — sanır
- varmak — varır
- vermek — verir
- vurmak — vurur
- yenmek — yenir
The suffix -r is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix -me, negative aorist suffix is -mez instead of *-mer.
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- Makes adjectives out of verbs
- Makes nouns out of verbs
Etymology 3[edit]
From Proto-Turkic [Term?].
Alternative forms[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
Usage notes[edit]
References[edit]
Welsh[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
-er
- (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present subjunctive
- (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal imperative
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ə
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- Rhymes:English/ə(ɹ)
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