по-

See also: по, По, ПО, and Appendix:Variations of "po"

Bulgarian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Slavic *po-

Bulgarian по-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po-.

Prefix

по- • (po-)

forming verbs denoting an action performed for a while, to some extent, or with limited duration or intensity
порабо́тя
porabótja
to work for a while

поспя́
pospjá
to sleep for a while

поговоря́
pogovorjá
to talk for a while
forming perfective verbs denoting the beginning or onset of an action or state
побягна́
pobjagná
to start running; to run off

полетя́
poletjá
to start flying; to fly off

потегля́
potegljá
to set off; to depart
forming verbs denoting distributive or successive action affecting several objects or persons
понаку́пя
ponakúpja
to buy various things; to buy a number of things

поразгле́дам
porazglédam
to look over various things

поизча́кам
poizčákam
to wait for a while or for several people or things
forming verbs denoting a slight, partial, or incomplete performance of an action
поотво́ря
pootvórja
to open slightly

поизчи́стя
poizčístja
to clean up somewhat

поопра́вя
pooprávja
to fix or improve somewhat

References

“по-”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
“по-”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Macedonian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pɔ]

Prefix

по- • (po-)

A prefix indicating the delimitative aspect.
‎по- (po-) + ‎спие (spie, “to sleep”) → ‎поспие (pospie, “to have some sleep, sleep a little”)
A prefix indicating the perfective aspect.
‎по- (po-) + ‎влече (vleče, “to pull”, impf.) → ‎повлече (povleče, “to pull, give a tug”, pf.)
A comparative prefix in adjectives and adverbs.
‎по- (po-) + ‎евтин (evtin, “cheap”) → ‎поевтин (poevtin, “cheaper”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎често (često, “often”) → ‎почесто (počesto, “more often”)

Derived terms

Macedonian terms prefixed with по-

Old Church Slavonic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *po-, prefix form of Proto-Slavic *po.

Prefix

по- • (po-)

A prefix indicating the perfective aspect.
for a while, a little (see delimitative aspect)
‎по- (po-) + ‎говорити impf (govoriti, “to talk”) → ‎поговорити pf (pogovoriti, “to have a talk, to talk a little”)
place names
‎по- (po-) + ‎морѥ (morje, “the Sea”) + ‎-ье (-ĭje) → ‎поморѥ (pomorje, “costal region”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎Морава (Morava, “the Morava River”) → ‎поморавиѥ (pomoravije, “Morava region”)

Derived terms

Related terms

по (po)

Pannonian Rusyn

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Slavic *po-

Old Slovak po-

Pannonian Rusyn по-

Inherited from Old Slovak po-, from Proto-Slavic *po-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpɔ]
Rhymes: -ɔ
Hyphenation: по
Homophone: по (po)

Prefix

по- (po-)

(of intransitive verbs) indicates multiple subjects performing an action that gradually becomes complete
‎по- (po-) + ‎ставац (stavac) → ‎поставац (postavac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎лєгнуц (ljehnuc) + ‎-ац (-ac) → ‎полєгац (poljehac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎шедац (šedac) → ‎пошедац (pošedac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎скакац (skakac) → ‎поскакац (poskakac)
indicates the action of a transitive verb gradually becoming complete
‎по- (po-) + ‎ламац (lamac) → ‎поламац (polamac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎гашиц (hašic) → ‎погашиц (pohašic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎розбивац (rozbivac) → ‎порозбивац (porozbivac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎палїц (paljic) → ‎попалїц (popaljic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎писац (pisac) → ‎пописац (popisac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎читац (čitac) → ‎почитац (počitac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎класц (klasc) → ‎покласц (poklasc)

‎по- (po-) + ‎брац (brac) → ‎побрац (pobrac)
indicates full execution of an action
‎по- (po-) + ‎дзвигнуц (dzvihnuc) → ‎подзвигнуц (podzvihnuc)

‎по- (po-) + ‎єсц (jesc) → ‎поєсц (pojesc)

‎по- (po-) + ‎пиц (pic) → ‎попиц (popic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎гориц (horic) → ‎погориц (pohoric)

‎по- (po-) + ‎биц (bic) → ‎побиц (pobic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎мириц (miric) → ‎помириц (pomiric)

‎по- (po-) + ‎радзиц (radzic) → ‎порадзиц (poradzic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎вадзиц (vadzic) → ‎повадзиц (povadzic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎поносовац (ponosovac) → ‎попоносовац (poponosovac)
indicates performing an action to a small extent
‎по- (po-) + ‎бегац (behac) + ‎-нуц (-nuc) → ‎побегнуц (pobehnuc)

‎по- (po-) + ‎дринґац (dringac) + ‎-нуц (-nuc) → ‎подринґнуц (podringnuc)

‎по- (po-) + ‎патриц (patric) → ‎попатриц (popatric)

‎по- (po-) + ‎бавиц (bavic) → ‎побавиц (pobavic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎бешедовац (bešedovac) → ‎побешедовац (pobešedovac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎спац (spac) → ‎поспац (pospac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎лєжац (lježac) + ‎-иц (-ic) → ‎полєжиц (polježic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎дрилїц (driljic) → ‎подрилїц (podriljic)
indicates placing on the surface of the object
‎по- (po-) + ‎сипац (sipac) → ‎посипац (posipac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎олєйовац (oljejovac) → ‎поолєйовац (pooljejovac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎цукровац (cukrovac) → ‎поцукровац (pocukrovac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎масциц (mascic) → ‎помасциц (pomascic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎паприґовац (paprigovac) → ‎попаприґовац (popaprigovac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎попровац (poprovac) → ‎попопровац (popoprovac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎солїц (soljic) → ‎посолїц (posoljic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎пращковац (praščkovac) → ‎попращковац (popraščkovac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎ляц (ljac) → ‎поляц (poljac)

‎по- (po-) + ‎злациц (zlacic) → ‎позлациц (pozlacic)
indicates making or becoming something that corresponds to the meaning of the base word
‎по- (po-) + ‎панщина (panščina) + ‎-иц (-ic) → ‎попанщиц (popanščic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎пшиц (pšic) → ‎попшиц (popšic)

‎по- (po-) + ‎швециц (švecic) → ‎пошвециц (pošvecic)
prefix form of по (po): post-, after-
Antonym: пред- (pred-)

‎по- (po-) + ‎поладнє (poladnje) → ‎пополаднє (popoladnje)
prefix form of по (po): per-, according to

Derived terms

Pannonian Rusyn terms prefixed with по-

References

Medʹeši, H.; Fejsa, M. (1997), “ПО-”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Сербско-руски словнїк [Serbian-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 2 (О – Ш), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy, page 884

Russian

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic по- (po-), from Proto-Slavic *po-. See по (po, “up to”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pə]
IPA^(key): [ˈpo] (when stressed)

Prefix

по- or по́- • (po- or pó-)

perfective aspect
‎по- (po-) + ‎-йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → ‎пойти́ pf (pojtí, “to go”)
for a while, a little (see delimitative aspect)
‎по- (po-) + ‎говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to talk”) → ‎поговори́ть pf (pogovorítʹ, “to talk a bit, to chat”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎рабо́тать (rabótatʹ, “to work”) → ‎порабо́тать (porabótatʹ, “to work a bit”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎спа́ть (spátʹ, “to sleep”) → ‎поспа́ть (pospátʹ, “to sleep a bit”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎ти́ше (tíše, “quieter”) → ‎поти́ше (potíše, “a bit quieter”)
added with a hyphen to certain adjectives to create adverbs, often (but not always) with the meaning "in the manner of behaviour, speech etc. of [the adjective]" typically changes the adjective ending to the dative masculine/neuter singular ending, but the following additional changes also occur: -ский (-skij) to -ски (-ski), -ско́й (-skój) to -ски́ (-skí), -ий (-ij) to -ьи (-ʹi)
‎по- (po-) + ‎ра́зный (ráznyj, “different, various”) → ‎по-ра́зному (po-ráznomu, “in various ways; it depends”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎дома́шний (domášnij, “domestic, home”) → ‎по-дома́шнему (po-domášnemu, “like at home, homelily; warmly”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎ру́сский (rússkij, “Russian”) → ‎по-ру́сски (po-rússki, “in a Russian way; in Russian”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎англи́йский (anglíjskij, “English”) → ‎по-англи́йски (po-anglíjski, “in an English way; in English”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎же́нский (žénskij, “female, feminine”) → ‎по-же́нски (po-žénski, “in a womanly way, like a woman”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎мужско́й (mužskój, “male, masculine”) → ‎по-мужски́ (po-mužskí, “in a manly way, like a man”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎коша́чий (košáčij, “catlike, feline”) → ‎по-коша́чьи (po-košáčʹi, “in a cat's way, like a cat”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎соба́чий (sobáčij, “doglike, canine”) → ‎по-соба́чьи (po-sobáčʹi, “in a dog's way, like a dog”)
place names
‎по- (po-) + ‎Во́лга (Vólga, “the Volga River”) + ‎-ье (-ʹje) → ‎Пово́лжье (Povólžʹje, “Volga Region”)

пово́лжские не́мцы ― povólžskije némcy ― Volga Germans

‎по- (po-) + ‎Ла́ба (Lába, “the Elbe River”) + ‎-ский (-skij) + ‎доли́на (dolína, “basin”) → ‎Пола́бская доли́на (Polábskaja dolína, “Elbe River Basin”)

пола́бские славя́не ― polábskije slavjáne ― Polabian Slavs

Померания ― Pomeranija ― Pomerania

Usage notes

The stressed variant is found in the following situations:
1. the past participle of verbs with a one-syllable root ending in -ать, -нуть and some others: e.g. по́жранный (póžrannyj) from пожра́ть (požrátʹ, “to devour”), по́гнанный (pógnannyj) from погна́ть (pognátʹ, “to drive”), по́гнутый (pógnutyj) from погну́ть (pognútʹ, “to bend”), по́литый (pólityj)/поли́тый (polítyj) from поли́ть (polítʹ, “to pour, to water”);
2. the past tense of some verbs with a one-syllable root: e.g. по́лил, поли́л (pólil, políl, masculine singular past tense) from поли́ть (polítʹ, “to pour, to water”), по́мер (pómer, masculine singular past tense) from помере́ть (pomerétʹ, “to die (colloquial)”), по́дал, пода́л (pódal, podál, masculine singular past tense) from пода́ть (podátʹ, “to give, to serve (food), to deliver (a vehicle)”);
3. some deverbal nouns: e.g. по́вод (póvod, “cause, reason”) from води́ть (vodítʹ, “to lead”), по́греб (pógreb, “cellar”) from погрести́ (pogrestí, “to bury, to inter”), по́езд (pójezd, “train”) from е́здить (jézditʹ, “to ride, to drive”);
4. some adverbs: e.g. по́верху (póverxu, “on top, on the surface (colloquial)”), по́пусту (pópustu, “to no purpose, for nothing (colloquial)”).

Derived terms

Russian terms prefixed with по-

Related terms

по (po)

Serbo-Croatian

Prefix

по-

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

Serbo-Croatian terms prefixed with по-

Ukrainian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó

Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa

Proto-Slavic *po

Proto-Slavic *po-

Ukrainian по-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pɔ]
Audio: (file)

Prefix

по- • (po-)

used to form perfective verbs from imperfective ones.
‎по- (po-) + ‎гра́ти impf (hráty, “to play”) → ‎погра́ти pf (pohráty)

‎по- (po-) + ‎розмовля́ти impf (rozmovljáty, “to talk”) → ‎порозмовля́ти pf (porozmovljáty)
used to create names of regions.
‎по- (po-) + ‎ліс (lis, “forest”) + ‎-я (-ja) → ‎Полі́сся (Políssja, “Polissia (historic region)”, literally “land beyond the forest”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎діл (dil, “bottom”) → ‎Поді́л (Podíl, “Podil (historic neighbourhood of Kyiv)”, literally “lowlands”)
used with verb stems to form nouns.
‎по- (po-) + ‎тяг(нути) (tjah(nuty), “to pull”) → ‎по́тяг (pótjah, “train”)
in the fashion of, a la (adverbs from adjectives)
‎по- (po-) + ‎украї́нський (ukrajínsʹkyj, “Ukrainian”) → ‎по-украї́нськи (po-ukrajínsʹky, “in a Ukrainian fashion/way”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎краси́вому (krasývomu, “beautiful”) → ‎по-краси́вому (po-krasývomu, “beautifully”)
a little more ..., somewhat more ... (with comparative degree)
Synonyms: тро́хи (tróxy), де́що (déščo)

‎по- (po-) + ‎бі́льше (bílʹše, “more”) → ‎побі́льше (pobílʹše, “a little more”)

‎по- (po-) + ‎ви́ще (výšče, “higher”) → ‎пови́ще (povýšče, “a little higher”)