top

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See also: TOP, Top, tốp, and töp

English[edit]

English Wikipedia has articles on:
Wikipedia

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English top, toppe, from Old English top (“top, highest part; summit; crest; tassel, tuft; (spinning) top, ball; a tuft or ball at the highest point of anything”), from Proto-West Germanic *topp, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“braid, pigtail, end”).

Cognate with Scots tap (“top”), North Frisian top, tap, tup (“top”), Saterland Frisian Top (“top”), West Frisian top (“top”), Dutch top (“top, summit, peak”), Low German Topp (“top”), German Zopf (“braid, pigtail, plait, top”), Swedish topp (“top, peak, summit, tip”), Icelandic toppur (“top”).

The sense of a spinning toy is separated from this, obscurely related to Dutch top and dop in this sense, against Standard Dutch tol, and French toupie having this sense.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

top (countable and uncountable, plural tops)

  1. The highest or uppermost part of something.
    Synonyms: peak, summit, overside
    Antonyms: bottom, base, underside
    His kite got caught at the top of the tree.
    • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], OCLC 752825175:
      But then I had the [massive] flintlock by me for protection.
      […] The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window at the old mare feeding in the meadow below by the brook, […].
    1. (irrespective of present orientation) the part of something that is usually the top.
      • 2017 October 1 (last accessed), Dewayne Carel, “Cooler Master V8 CPU Cooler”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎[1]:
        To mount the V8, I simply placed it on its top, and then prepped the mobo/CPU for installation (applied thermal compound).
      We flipped the machine onto its top.
    2. The uppermost part of a page, picture, viewing screen, etc.
      Synonym: (of a page) head
      Antonym: (of a page) foot
      Further weather information can be found at the top of your television screen.
      Headings appear at the tops of pages.
    3. A lid, cap or cover of a container.
      Synonyms: cap, coverlid
      Put a top on the toothpaste tube or it will go bad.
    4. A garment worn to cover the torso.
      Antonym: bottom
      I bought this top as it matches my jeans.
      I like this pyjama top.
    5. A framework at the top of a ship's mast to which rigging is attached.
    6. (baseball) The first half of an inning, during which the home team fields and the visiting team bats.
    7. (archaic) The crown of the head, or the hair upon it; the head.
  2. The near end of somewhere
    The patio is at the top of my garden.
    The shop is at the top of my street.
  4. A child’s spinning toy; a spinning top.
    The boy was amazed at how long the top would spin.
  5. (heading) Someone who is eminent.
    1. (archaic) The chief person; the most prominent one.
    2. The highest rank; the most honourable position; the utmost attainable place.
      to be at the top of one's class, or at the top of the school
  7. (BDSM) A dominant partner in a BDSM relationship or roleplay.
    Synonyms: (usually male) dom, (female) domme
    Antonyms: bottom, sub
  8. (gay slang) A man penetrating or with a preference for penetrating during homosexual intercourse.
    I prefer being a top, and my boyfriend prefers being a bottom.
    Antonym: bottom
  10. (slang, African-American Vernacular, MLE) Oral stimulation of the male member, a blowjob.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:oral sex
    • 2016 November 18, J $tash (lyrics and music), “Guap”, in No More Distractions‎[2]:
      Running up a check, I'ma drop the top
      Baby gimme neck, you know I want some top
      You ain't tryna fuck, then baby don't just stop
    • 2017, Juice Wrld (lyrics and music), “2017 Freestyle”, in Unreleased Songs‎[3]:
      I get some top in my coupe […]
      Look at yo bitch she gon' choose
      She gon' give me top (on my block Avenue)
    • 2017, T-Wayne (lyrics and music), “Double Standards”, in Forever Rickey, track 2, 0:42–0:55:
      I just bought a new Ferrari off the lot,
      said she a virgin but she wanna give me top,
      she need some money so she call my phone a lot,
      I picked it up and then I told that bitch to stop.
    • 2017 December 22, “No Hook”, performed by 61 – Cee Drilla x Beans x Nz x Ruger, 0:53–1:00:
      Man chingy chingy on opps,
      catch ringy ringy, want lots
      And clingy, clingy, got dots
      She is a bad b, she gives tops
    • 2019 March 19, Nav (lyrics and music), “Price on My Head”, in Bad Habits‎[4]:
      His bitch gave me some top, and now he wanna send me threats
    • 2019 November 20, Oliver Francis (lyrics and music), “I Like”, in The Adventures Of Oliver Francis‎[5]:
      I like gettin' top (Ooh), I like drivin' coupes […]
      Yeah I got Erza Scarlet tryna fuck (Yeah, ooh)
      Gettin' top and watching Crunchyroll
    • 2020 February 21, King Von (lyrics and music), “Took Her to the O”, in Levon James‎[6]:
      Just got some top from this stripper bitch, she from Kankakee
    • 2020 August 7, DON RCS (lyrics and music), “Top Down”‎[7]:
      She asked to give me some top and I’m down
      Head feeling loose ‘cos I’m lit off the brown
    • 2020 September 11, Ron Suno feat. DDG (lyrics and music), “Wraith”‎[8], chorus first time 0:24–0:27:
      I’m in a wraith with a thot, she gon’ give me some top, cause my music a bop, aye
  11. (particle physics) A top quark.
    Hypernym: flavor
  12. The utmost degree; the acme; the summit.
  13. (ropemaking) A plug, or conical block of wood, with longitudinal grooves on its surface, in which the strands of the rope slide in the process of twisting.
  14. (sound) Highest pitch or loudest volume.
    She sang at the top of her voice.
    • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:
      I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.
  15. (wool manufacture) A bundle or ball of slivers of combed wool, from which the noils, or dust, have been taken out.
  16. (obsolete, except in one sense of phrase on top of) Eve; verge; point.
    • 1603, Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes, […], London: […] Adam Islip, OCLC 837543169:
      Hee was upon the top of his marriage with Magdalaine.
  17. The part of a cut gem between the girdle, or circumference, and the table, or flat upper surface[1].
  18. (in the plural, slang, dated) Topboots.
  19. (golf) A stroke on the top of the ball.
  20. (golf) A forward spin given to the ball by hitting it on or near the top.
  21. (in restaurants, preceded by a number) (A table at which there is, or which has enough seats for) a group of a specified number of people eating at a restaurant.
    • 2014, Jamey Glasnovic, Lost and Found: Adrift in the Canadian Rockies, →ISBN, page 144:
      […] but with only three other tables on the patio apart from myself – two three-tops and a five-top – it's hard to imagine what the holdup is.
    • 2015, Jeff Benjamin, Front of the House: Restaurant Manners, Misbehaviors & Secrets, →ISBN:
      It is uncanny how a server can stand in front of a ten top, without the safety net of pen and paper, and remember every item ordered by each guest including salads, […]

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from top (noun)

Translations[edit]

Verb[edit]

top (third-person singular simple present tops, present participle topping, simple past and past participle topped)

  1. To cover on the top or with a top.
    I like my ice cream topped with chocolate sauce.
  3. To excel, to surpass, to beat, to exceed.
    Synonyms: beat, better, best, exceed; see also Thesaurus:exceed
    Titanic was the most successful film ever until it was topped by another Cameron film, Avatar.
    • c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene ii]:
      Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed, / And my invention thrive, Edmund the base / Shall top th' legitimate. I grow; I prosper
    • 2021 October 6, Greg Morse, “A need for speed and the drive for 125”, in RAIL, number 941, page 50:
      The HSDT team, however, had some work to do, although by the end of 1972 the power car interior had been adjusted and BR had agreed to 'double-manning' with extra pay when speeds topped the ton. [exceeded 100 mph]
  4. To be in the lead, to be at number one position (of).
    Celine Dion topped the UK music charts twice in the 1990s.
    • 2013, Phil McNulty, "[9]", BBC Sport, 26 December 2013:
      Liverpool topped the table on Christmas Day and, after Arsenal's win at West Ham earlier on Boxing Day, would have returned to the top had they been the first team to beat City at home this season.
  5. To cut or remove the top (as of a tree)
    I don't want to be bald, so just top my hair.
    Top and tail the carrots.
    • 2003, Dan Prendergast, Erin Prendergast, The Tree Doctor: A Guide to Tree Care and Maintenance, →ISBN, page 78:
      Topping depletes the tree of stored energy reserves and reduces the tree's ability to produce energy, as a large percentage of the leaves are removed.
  6. (Britain, slang, reflexive) To commit suicide.
    Depression causes many people to top themselves.
  8. (Britain, slang, rare) To murder.
    Synonyms: kill, murder, slaughter, slay; see also Thesaurus:kill
  9. (BDSM) To be the dominant partner in a BDSM relationship or roleplay.
    I used to be a slave, but I ended up topping.
    Giving advice to the dominant partner on how to run the BDSM session is called "topping from the bottom".
  10. (gay slang, transitive, intransitive) To anally penetrate in gay sex.
  11. (archaic) To rise aloft; to be eminent; to tower.
    topping passions
  12. (archaic) To excel; to rise above others.
  13. (nautical) To raise one end of (a yard, etc.), making it higher than the other.
  14. (dyeing) To cover with another dye.
    to top aniline black with methyl violet to prevent greening
  15. To put a stiffening piece or back on (a saw blade).
  16. (slang, dated) To arrange (fruit, etc.) with the best on top.
  17. (of a horse) To strike the top of (an obstacle) with the hind feet while jumping, so as to gain new impetus.
  18. To improve (domestic animals, especially sheep) by crossing certain individuals or breeds with other superior breeds.
  19. To cut, break, or otherwise take off the top of (a steel ingot) to remove unsound metal.
  20. (golf) To strike (the ball) above the centre; also, to make (a stroke, etc.) by hitting the ball in this way.

Derived terms[edit]

Translations[edit]

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adjective[edit]

top (not comparable)

  1. Situated on the top of something.
  2. (informal) Best; of the highest quality or rank.
    She's in the top dance school.
  3. (informal) Very good, of high quality, power, or rank.
    He's a top lawyer.
    That is a top car.
    • 2018 July 31, Julia Carrie Wong, “What is QAnon? Explaining the bizarre rightwing conspiracy theory”, in The Guardian‎[10]:
      In a thread called “Calm Before the Storm”, and in subsequent posts, Q established his legend as a government insider with top security clearance who knew the truth about a secret struggle for power involving Donald Trump, the “deep state”, Robert Mueller, the Clintons, pedophile rings, and other stuff.

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from top (adjective)

Translations[edit]

Adverb[edit]

top (not comparable)

  1. Rated first.
    She came top in her French exam.

Synonyms[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1874, Edward H. Knight, American Mechanical Dictionary

Anagrams[edit]

Albanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish طوپ‎ (top).

Noun[edit]

top m (indefinite plural tope, definite singular topi, definite plural topet)

  1. ball
  2. (in the plural) slang for testicles

Inflection[edit]

declension of top
indefinite forms
(trajta të pashquara) 		definite forms
(trajta të shquara)
singular
(numri njëjës) 		plural
(numri shumës) 		singular
(numri njëjës) 		plural
(numri shumës)
nominative
(emërore) 		top tope topi topet
accusative
(kallëzore) 		top tope topin topet
genitive
(gjinore)
(i/e/të/së) 		topi topeve topit topevet
dative
(dhanore) 		topi topeve topit topevet
ablative
(rrjedhore) 		topi topesh topit topevet

Azerbaijani[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Turkish top.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

top (definite accusative topu, plural toplar)

  1. ball
  2. cannon
  3. (chess) rook

Declension[edit]

Declension of top
singular plural
nominative top toplar
definite accusative topu topları
dative topa toplara
locative topda toplarda
ablative topdan toplardan
definite genitive topun topların
Possessive forms of top
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) topum toplarım
sənin (“your”) topun topların
onun (“his/her/its”) topu topları
bizim (“our”) topumuz toplarımız
sizin (“your”) topunuz toplarınız
onların (“their”) topu or topları topları
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) topumu toplarımı
sənin (“your”) topunu toplarını
onun (“his/her/its”) topunu toplarını
bizim (“our”) topumuzu toplarımızı
sizin (“your”) topunuzu toplarınızı
onların (“their”) topunu or toplarını toplarını
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) topuma toplarıma
sənin (“your”) topuna toplarına
onun (“his/her/its”) topuna toplarına
bizim (“our”) topumuza toplarımıza
sizin (“your”) topunuza toplarınıza
onların (“their”) topuna or toplarına toplarına
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) topumda toplarımda
sənin (“your”) topunda toplarında
onun (“his/her/its”) topunda toplarında
bizim (“our”) topumuzda toplarımızda
sizin (“your”) topunuzda toplarınızda
onların (“their”) topunda or toplarında toplarında
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) topumdan toplarımdan
sənin (“your”) topundan toplarından
onun (“his/her/its”) topundan toplarından
bizim (“our”) topumuzdan toplarımızdan
sizin (“your”) topunuzdan toplarınızdan
onların (“their”) topundan or toplarından toplarından
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) topumun toplarımın
sənin (“your”) topunun toplarının
onun (“his/her/its”) topunun toplarının
bizim (“our”) topumuzun toplarımızın
sizin (“your”) topunuzun toplarınızın
onların (“their”) topunun or toplarının toplarının

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Chess pieces in Azerbaijani · şahmat fiquru (layout · text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
şah vəzir top fil at piyada

Baure[edit]

Noun[edit]

top

  1. fog

Crimean Tatar[edit]

Noun[edit]

top

  1. ball
  2. lump
  3. cannon

Declension[edit]

Declension of top
nominative top
genitive topnıñ
dative topqa
accusative topnı
locative topta
ablative toptan

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Mirjejev, V. A.; Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎[11], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

Czech[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

top

  1. second-person singular imperative of topit

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse toppr, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz.

Noun[edit]

top c (singular definite toppen, plural indefinite toppe)

  1. summit, peak
  2. hairpiece
  3. top (uppermost part, lid, cap, cover, garment worn to cover the torso, child’s spinning toy)

Inflection[edit]

Declension of top
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative top toppen toppe toppene
genitive tops toppens toppes toppenes

Derived terms[edit]

Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Dutch top, topp, from Old Dutch *topp, *top, from Proto-West Germanic *topp, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

top

  1. (colloquial) great, very good

Derived terms[edit]

Noun[edit]

top m (plural toppen, diminutive topje n)

  1. top (uppermost part)
  2. (figuratively) apex
  3. summit, peak (high point of a mountain or object)
  4. summit, highest-level assembly
  5. dominant role or partner in BDSM-interaction
  6. top (piece of women's clothing)

Antonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Negerhollands: top

Verb[edit]

top

  1. (denominal) first-person singular present indicative of toppen

Anagrams[edit]

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English top.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

top m (plural tops)

  1. top; shirt or garment covering the upper body
  2. a signalling sound; beep

Adjective[edit]

top (feminine singular toppe, masculine plural tops, feminine plural toppes)

  1. top; best; highest in rank; maximum
  2. excellent; brilliant
  3. (LGBT, slang) top (dominant in role)

Synonyms[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

Adverb[edit]

top

  1. at most; maximum

Further reading[edit]

Italian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English top.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

top m (invariable)

  1. (woman's dressing, garment) top

Latvian[edit]

Verb[edit]

top

  1. 3rd person singular present indicative form of tapt
  2. 3rd person plural present indicative form of tapt
  3. (with the particle lai) 3rd person singular imperative form of tapt
  4. (with the particle lai) 3rd person plural imperative form of tapt

Middle English[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

top (plural toppes)

  1. The summit or top of something, especially a vertical object:
    1. The peak of a mountain or other landform.
    2. The roof or ceil of a house; the top of a fence.
    3. A lid or cap; a removable top or topping.
    4. The head, especially its top or the hair on its top.
  2. A small deck at the dop of a ship's sails.
  3. A cluster or bunch of fibres; a tassel.
  4. A top or whirligig (spinning toy)
  5. The start or introduction of something.
  6. (rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Mopan Maya[edit]

Adverb[edit]

top

  1. very

References[edit]

  • Hofling, Charles Andrew (2011). Mopan Maya–Spanish–English Dictionary, University of Utah Press.

Northern Kurdish[edit]

Fussball.jpg

Etymology[edit]

From Turkish top, from Ottoman Turkish طوپ‎ (top).

Noun[edit]

top f

  1. ball (object, generally spherical, used for playing games)
  2. cannon

Old French[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Frankish *topp.

Noun[edit]

top m (oblique plural tos, nominative singular tos, nominative plural top)

  1. hair on top of one's head, forelock
  2. top, highest point
  3. tuft of flax placed on distaff
  4. top (ship)

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Polish[edit]

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /tɔp/
  • Rhymes: -ɔp
  • Syllabification: top

Etymology 1[edit]

From English top, from Middle English top, toppe, from Old English top (“top, highest part; summit”), from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

Noun[edit]

top m inan

  1. (nautical) nautical top (the upper end of a mast)
  2. top (garment worn to cover the torso)
Declension[edit]
Declension of top
singular plural
nominative top topy
genitive topu topów
dative topowi topom
accusative top topy
instrumental topem topami
locative topie topach
vocative topie topy

Etymology 2[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb[edit]

top

  1. second-person singular imperative of topić

Further reading[edit]

  • top in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • top in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English top.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

top (invariable, comparable)

  1. (slang) cool, awesome
  2. (slang) top, excellent, high-quality
    Synonym: top de linha

Derived terms[edit]

Noun[edit]

top m (plural tops)

  1. top (garment worn to cover the torso)

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

tȍp

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish طوپ‎ (top).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

tȍp m (Cyrillic spelling то̏п)

  1. cannon
  2. (chess) rook

Declension[edit]

Declension of top
singular plural
nominative tȍp tòpovi
genitive tòpa tȍpōvā / tòpōvā
dative tòpu tòpovima
accusative tȍp tòpove
vocative tȍpe tòpovi
locative tòpu tòpovima
instrumental tòpom tòpovima

See also[edit]

Chess pieces in Serbo-Croatian · šahovske figure / шаховске фигуре (layout · text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
kralj
краљ 		dama, kraljica
дама, краљица 		top, kula
топ, кула 		lovac, trkač, laufer
ловац, тркач, лауфер 		skakač, konj
скакач, коњ 		pješak, pešak, pion, pijun
пјешак, пешак, пион, пијун

Slovene[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *tǫpъ.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

tȍp (comparative bȍlj tȍp, superlative nȁjbolj tȍp)

  1. blunt
Inflection[edit]
Hard
masculine feminine neuter
nom. sing. tòp tôpa tôpo
singular
masculine feminine neuter
nominative tòp ind
tôpi def 		tôpa tôpo
accusative nominativeinan or
genitiveanim 		tôpo tôpo
genitive tôpega tôpe tôpega
dative tôpemu tôpi tôpemu
locative tôpem tôpi tôpem
instrumental tôpim tôpo tôpim
dual
masculine feminine neuter
nominative tôpa tôpi tôpi
accusative tôpa tôpi tôpi
genitive tôpih tôpih tôpih
dative tôpima tôpima tôpima
locative tôpih tôpih tôpih
instrumental tôpima tôpima tôpima
plural
masculine feminine neuter
nominative tôpi tôpe tôpa
accusative tôpe tôpe tôpa
genitive tôpih tôpih tôpih
dative tôpim tôpim tôpim
locative tôpih tôpih tôpih
instrumental tôpimi tôpimi tôpimi

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2[edit]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish طوپ‎ (top).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

tȍp m inan

  1. cannon
Inflection[edit]
Masculine inan., hard o-stem, plural in -ôv-
nom. sing. tòp
gen. sing. tôpa
singular dual plural
nominative tòp topôva topôvi
accusative tòp topôva topôve
genitive tôpa topôv topôv
dative tôpu topôvoma topôvom
locative tôpu topôvih topôvih
instrumental tôpom topôvoma topôvi

Further reading[edit]

  • “top”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from English top.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

top m (plural tops)

  1. top (first positions of a ranking)
  2. top (female clothing)

Derived terms[edit]

Adjective[edit]

top (plural tops)

  1. (proscribed) top (situated on the top of something)
    Synonym: mejor
  2. (proscribed) top (best; of the highest quality or rank)
    Synonym: el mejor
  3. (proscribed) top (very good, of high quality)
    Synonym: muy bueno

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Tocharian A[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Compare Tocharian B taupe.

Noun[edit]

top

  1. mine (place where ore is extracted)

Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Ottoman Turkish طوپ‎ (top), from Proto-Turkic *top (“round thing”).[1]

Noun[edit]

top (definite accusative topu, plural toplar)

  1. ball
  2. cannon
  3. (slang) gay

Declension[edit]

Inflection
Nominative top
Definite accusative topu
Singular Plural
Nominative top toplar
Definite accusative topu topları
Dative topa toplara
Locative topta toplarda
Ablative toptan toplardan
Genitive topun topların

Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*top”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Volapük[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos, “place”).

Noun[edit]

top (nominative plural tops)

  1. place

Declension[edit]

declension of top
singular plural
nominative top tops
genitive topa topas
dative tope topes
accusative topi topis
vocative 1 o top! o tops!
predicative 2 topu topus
  • 1 status as a case is disputed
  • 2 in later, non-classical Volapük only

Related terms[edit]

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