Appendix:Russian pronunciation

See Russian phonology at Wikipedia for a thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants

Basic consonants as in the alphabet:

Transliterations and IPA (not in alphabetical order)

#	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21
Letter	б	п	в	ф	г	к	д	т	ж	ш	з	с	й	л	м	н	р	х	ц	ч	щ
WT:RU TR	b	p	v	f	g	k	d	t	ž	š	z	s	j	l	m	n	r	x	c	č	šč
IPA	b	p	v	f	g	k	d	t	ʐ	ʂ	z	s	j	l	m	n	r	x	t͡s	t͡ɕ	ɕː

Palatalisation

Palatalised ("soft") consonants: bʲ, pʲ, vʲ, fʲ, gʲ, kʲ dʲ, tʲ, zʲ, sʲ, lʲ, mʲ, nʲ, rʲ, xʲ, (t͡sʲ). [j], [t͡ɕ] and [ɕː] are always palatalised ("soft"), [ʐ] and [ʂ] are almost always unpalatalised ("hard").

Palatalisation for other consonants typically occurs:

1. In front of vowels: "е", "ё", "и", "ю", "я" and in front of "ь" ("soft sign"), see also note on "ь" as a "separation sign".

   E.g.: вре́мя [ˈvrʲemʲə], ребёнок [rʲɪˈbʲɵnək], пита́ние [pʲɪˈtanʲɪjə], колю́чка [kɐˈlʲʉt͡ɕkə], пря́ник [ˈprʲænʲɪk], день [dʲenʲ]

2. Many loanwords are NOT palatalised in front of "е" (= э), e.g., "тест" (= тэст) is pronounced [tɛst]. ("е" is then pronounced [ɛ] in stressed positions, [ɨ] in unstressed positions)

TO DO

Vowels

Basic vowels as in the alphabet:

Transliterations and IPA (not in alphabetical order)

#	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
	Non-palatal letter					Palatal letter
	а	э	ы	о	у	я	е	и	ё	ю
WT:RU TR	a	ɛ	y	o	u	ja	e	i	jo	ju
IPA (when stressed)	a	ɛ	ɨ	o	u	ʲa, ʲæ	ʲe	ʲi	ʲɵ	ʲu, ʲʉ
IPA (directly before the stress)	ɐ	ɨ	ɨ	ɐ	ʊ	ʲɪ, ʲə	ʲɪ	ʲɪ	ʲɵ	ʲʊ, ʲʉ
IPA (other unstressed positions)	ə	ɪ		ə

NOTES:

• The difference between "palatal" and "non-palatal" vowels is actually their effect on a preceding consonant. Palatal vowels palatalize a preceding consonant, while non-palatal vowels don't. If no consonant directly precedes (i.e. either at the beginning of a word, following a vowel or following a soft or hard sign), a /j/ is pronounced before the palatal vowels, e.g., вое́нный (vojénnyj, “military, martial”) is pronounced [vɐˈjenːɨj]. This /j/, however, is omitted in some situations: (1) with palatal и (stressed or unstressed), except when following the soft sign ь (hence игра́ (igrá, “game”) is pronounced [ɪˈɡra], and во́ин (vóin, “soldier”) is pronounced [ˈvoɪn]); (2) optionally with other palatal vowels when unstressed and following a vowel (hence по́яс (pójas, “belt”) is pronounced [ˈpo(j)ɪs]).
• The two pronunciations of я and ю are related to what follows: If a palatalized consonant follows, the second-listed, more-fronted pronunciations [ʲæ, ʲʉ] are used; otherwise, the first-listed, less-fronted pronunciations [ʲa, ʲu] are used. When я is unstressed, no such difference exists but it still does with unstressed ю.
• Unstressed о and а are always pronounced [ɐ] when word-initial and when directly following another unstressed о or а, regardless of the position of the stress.
• Unstressed э when word-initial and when following a vowel is pronounced [ɪ], exactly as for и in the same position.

See also

• Appendix:Russian alphabet (Letters of the Russian alphabet, sounds (IPA), and their transliteration
• Wiktionary:About Russian
• Wiktionary:Russian transliteration
• Appendix:Russian pronunciation/imported